Bibliography 385 Review 100, no. 3 (1993): 363. Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. 3rd ed. Routledge, 2010. Franklin, Stan. Artificial Minds. MIT Press, 1997. Gilovich, Thomas. How We Know What Isr’t So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Reprint. The Free Press, 1993. Gregory, Robert J. Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications. 6th ed. Pearson, 2010. Hameroff, $. R. “Quantum Coherence in Microtubules: A Neural Basis for Emergent Consciousness?” Journal of Consciousness Studies 1, no. 1 (1994): 91-118. Hameroff, Stuart R., and Alfred W. Kaszniak. Toward a Science of Consciousness: The First Tucson Discussions and Debates. MIT Press, 1996. Harel, David. Computers Ltd: What They REALLY Can't Do. New Ed. OUP Oxford, 2003. Hawkins, Jeff, and Sandra Blakeslee. On Intelligence. Reprint. Owl Books (NY), 2005. Hofstadter, Douglas R. Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. 20th Anniversary ed. Penguin, 2000. Howell, E. From Darness Light/Land of Stone/Shadow Worlds. Centaur, 2010. “IBM100 - Deep Blue? CTB14, March 7, 2012. http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/histo- ry/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/. Ivancevic, Vladimir G., and Tijana T. Ivancevic. Quantum Neural Computation. Springer, 2010. Jibu, Mari, and Kunio Yasue. Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing, 1995. Jibu, M., S. Hagan, S. R. Hameroff, K. H. Pribram, and K. Yasue. “Quantum Optical Coherence in Cytoskeletal Microtubules: Implications for Brain Function.” Biosystems 32, no. 3 (1994): 195-209. Lahoz-Beltra, R., S. R. Hameroff, and J. E. Dayhoff. “Cytoskeletal Logic: A Model for Molecular Computation via Boolean Operations in Microtubules and Microtubule- Associated Proteins.” BioSystems 29, no. 1 (1993): 1-23. Malcolm Gladwell. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Repr. Abacus, 2001. Morris, Desmond. Child: How Children Think, Learn and Grow in the Early Years. Hamlyn, 2010. ———. The Naked Ape: A Zoologist’s Study of the Human Animal. New edition. Vintage, 2005. Neumann, John Von. The Computer and the Brain. 2nd Revised edition. Yale University Press, 2000. Penrose, Roger. The Large, the Small and the Human Mind. New Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pribram, Karl H., and Sir John Carew Eccles. Rethinking Neural Networks: Quantum Fields and Biological Data. Routledge, 1993. “Return to Antikythera: Divers Revisit Wreck Where Ancient Computer Found.” The Guardian, October 2, 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/ blog/2012/oct/02/return-antikythera-wreck-ancient-computer. Robinson, Ken, and Lou Aronica. The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything. Penguin, 2010. Roebuck, Kevin. Emotional Intelligence: High-Impact Strategies - What You Need to Know: Definitions, Adoptions, Impact, Benefits, Maturity, Vendors. Tebbo, HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016075

386 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? 2011. Sacks, Oliver. An Anthropologist on Mars. 4th ed. Picador, 2009. —— —. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. 1st ed. Picador, 1986. Tucker, William H. The Cattell Controversy: Race, Science, and Ideology. University of Illinois Press, 2009. Turing, Alan M. “Intelligent Machines.” Ince, DC (Ed.) 5 (1992). http://isites.har- vard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic958294.files/lecture-00-handout.pdf. Vitiello, Giuseppe. My Double Unveiled: The Dissipative Quantum Model of Brain. John Benjamins Publishing, 2001. Whitehead, Alfred North, and Bertrand Russell. Principia Mathematica - Volume One: 1. Rough Draft Printing, 2009. Winston, Robert. The Human Mind and How to Make the Most of It. New edition. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2006. Wolf, Maryanne. Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. Icon Books Ltd, 2008. Wolfram, Stephen. A New Kind of Science. First Edition. Wolfram Media Inc, 2002. Chapter 2 Carr, Jimmy, and Lucy Greeves. The Naked Jape: Uncovering the Hidden World of Jokes. Penguin, 2007. Cobley, Paul. The Communication Theory Reader. 1st ed. Routledge, 1996. Dawkins, Richard. Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder. Reisssue. Penguin, 2006. Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. New Ed. /. OUP Oxford, 2008. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Abridged edition. Hackett Publishing Co, Inc, 1996. Martin, Robert M. There Are Two Errors in the the Title of This Book*. Rev. and Expanded Ed. Broadview Press Ltd, 2002. Sacks, Oliver. An Anthropologist on Mars. 4th ed. Picador, 2009. Tufte, Edward R. The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within. 2nd ed. Graphics Press, 2006. Wiseman, Prof. Richard. Quirkology: The Curious Science Of Everyday Lives. 2nd ed. Pan, 2011. Chapter 3 Borg, James. Body Language: 7 Easy Lessons to Master the Silent Language. 1st ed. Prentice Hall Life, 2008. Brounstein, Marty. Communicating Effectively for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons, 2001. by Seth Godin ; with a foreword by Malcolm Gladwell. Unleashing the Ideavirus : How to Turn Your Ideas into Marketing Epidemics. Free Press, 2002. Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. New edition. Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1998. Fiske, John. Introduction to Communication Studies. 3rd ed. Routledge, 2010. Morris, Desmond. Peoplewatching: The Desmond Morris Guide to Body Language. Vintage, 2002. —— —. The Human Zoo. New edition. Vintage, 1994. —— —. The Naked Ape: A Zoologist’s Study of the Human Animal. New edition. Vintage, 2005. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016076

Bibliography 387 Navarro, Joe. What Every Body Is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. HarperCollins Publishers, 2008. Ogilvy, David. Ogilvy on Advertising. New edition. Prion Books Ltd, 2007. Roebuck, Kevin. Emotional Intelligence: High-Impact Strategies - What You Need to Know: Definitions, Adoptions, Impact, Benefits, Maturity, Vendors. Tebbo, 2011. Schirato, Tony, and Susan Yell. Communication and Culture: An Introduction. 2nd Revised edition. Sage Publications Ltd, 2000. Taylor, Kathleen. Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control. New Ed. OUP Oxford, 2006. Winston, Professor Lord Robert. Human Instinct. New edition. Bantam, 2008. Chapter 4 Derren Brown. Tricks of the Mind. Channel 4, 2006. Gurney, Kevin. An Introduction to Neural Networks. CRC Press, 1997. Hameroff, S. R. “Quantum Coherence in Microtubules: A Neural Basis for Emergent Consciousness?” Journal of Consciousness Studies 1, no. 1 (1994): 91-118. Higbee, Kenneth L., and Ph.D. Your Memory: How It Works and How to Improve It. 2Rev Ed. Avalon Group, 2001. Jibu, M., S. Hagan, S. R. Hameroff, K. H. Pribram, and K. Yasue. “Quantum Optical Coherence in Cytoskeletal Microtubules: Implications for Brain Function” Biosystems 32, no. 3 (1994): 195-209. Jimmy Carr. The Naked Jape : Uncovering the Hidden World of Jokes. Michael Joseph, 2007. Lahoz-Beltra, R., S. R. Hameroff, and J. E. Dayhoff. “Cytoskeletal Logic: A Model for Molecular Computation via Boolean Operations in Microtubules and Microtubule- Associated Proteins.” BioSystems 29, no. 1 (1993): 1-23. O’Brien, Dominic. How to Develop a Brilliant Memory Week by Week: 52 Proven Ways to Enhance Your Memory Skills. Duncan Baird Publishers, 2005. Picton, P.D. Neural Networks. 2nd Revised edition. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. Siegelmann, Hava T. Neural Networks and Analog Computation: Beyond the Turing Limit. Birkhauser, 1998. Winston, Robert. The Human Mind and How to Make the Most of It. New edition. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2006. Wolf, Maryanne. Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. Icon Books Ltd, 2008. Chapter 5 Aaronson, Scott. Quantum Computing since Democritus. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Borges, Jorge Luis, and Andrew Hurley. The Library of Babel. Boston: David R. Godine Publisher Inc, 2000. Chaitin, Gregory J. Meta Maths: The Quest for Omega. Atlantic Books, 2007. Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace. Ware: Wordsworth Editions, 2001. Chapter 6 Ayer, A. J. Language, Truth and Logic. 2nd ed. Dover Publications Inc., 2002. Boaler, Jo. The Elephant in the Classroom: Helping Children Learn and Love Maths. Souvenir Press Ltd, 2010. Carroll, Lewis. Lewis Carroll’ Games and Puzzles. 40th ed. Dover Publications Inc., HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016077

388 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? 1992. ———. Symbolic Logic. New issue of 1896 ed. Dover Publications Inc., 2000. Crilly, Tony. The Big Questions: Mathematics. Quercus Publishing Plc, 2011. Doxiadis, Apostolos, and Christos H. Papadimitriou. Logicomix: An Epic Search for Truth. First Edition. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2009. Goldrei, D.C. Classic Set Theory: A Guided Introduction. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1996. Hodges, Wilfrid. Logic. 2nd Revised edition. Penguin, 2001. Martin, Robert M. There Are Two Errors in the the Title of This Book*. Rev. and Expanded Ed. Broadview Press Ltd, 2002. Newbery, John. Logic Made Familiar and Easy: To Which Is Added a Compendious System of Metaphysics Or Ontology : Being the Fifth Volume of the Circle of the Sciences, &c. Published by the King’s Authority. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2010. Oechslin, Werner. Byrne, Six Books of Euclid: Facsimile of the Famous First Edition of 1847. Har/Pap. Taschen GmbH, 2010. Russell, Bertrand. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. Reprint. Spokesman Books, 2007. Chapter 7 Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New edition. Vintage, 1997. Griffeath, David, and Cristopher Moore. New Constructions in Cellular Automata. Oxford University Press, 2003. “Mathematical Games - The Fantastic Combinations of John Conway’s New Solitaire Game ‘Life’ - M. Gardner - 1970,” June 3, 2009. http://web.archive. org/web/20090603015231/http://ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/HyFISCH/ Produzieren/lis_projekt/proj_gamelife/ConwayScientificAmerican.htm. Mitchell, Melanie. Complexity: A Guided Tour. OUP USA, 2009. Weisstein, Eric W. “Elementary Cellular Automaton,’ Text. Accessed September 28, 2014. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ElementaryCellularAutomaton.html. Wolfram, Stephen. A New Kind of Science. First Edition. Wolfram Media Inc, 2002. Chapter 8 Cantor, Georg. Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers. Dover Publications Inc., 2003. Clegg, Brian. Brief History of Infinity: The Quest to Think the Unthinkable. Robinson Publishing, 2003. Cohen, Paul J. Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis. Dover Publications Inc., 2009. Pica, Pierre, and Alain Lecomte. “Theoretical Implications of the Study of Numbers and Numerals in Mundurucu.” Philosophical Psychology 21, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 507-22. doi:10.1080/09515080802285461. Pica, Pierre, Cathy Lemer, Véronique Izard, and Stanislas Dehaene. “Exact and Approximate Arithmetic in an Amazonian Indigene Group.” Science 306, no. 5695 (October 15, 2004): 499-503. doi:10.1126/science.1102085. Potter, Michael. Set Theory and Its Philosophy: A Critical Introduction. Clarendon Press, 2004. Chapter 9 Chaitin, Gregory J. Thinking About Gédel And Turing: Essays On Complexity 1970- 2007. World Scientific Publishing, 2007. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016078

Bibliography 389 Franzén, Torkel. Gédel’s Theorem: An Incomplete Guide to Its Use and Abuse. AK Peters/CRC Press, 2005. Godel, Kurt. On Formally Undecidable Propositions of “Principia Mathematica” and Related Systems. New edition. Dover Publications Inc., 2003. Goldrei, D.C. Classic Set Theory: A Guided Introduction. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1996. Hofstadter, Douglas R. Gédel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. 20th Anniversary ed. Penguin, 2000. Nagel, Ernest, and James R. Newman. Gédel’s Proof. Rev. Ed. New York University Press, 2001. Newton, Sir Isaac. Principia. Prometheus Books, 1995. Penrose, Sir Roger. Shadows Of The Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness. New edition. Vintage, 2005. Potter, Michael. Set Theory and Its Philosophy: A Critical Introduction. Clarendon Press, 2004. Russell, Bertrand. Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. Reprint. Spokesman Books, 2007. Sautoy, Marcus Du. The Music of the Primes: Why an Unsolved Problem in Mathematics Matters. New Ed. Harper Perennial, 2004. ———. The Number Mysteries: A Mathematical Odyssey Through Everyday Life. Fourth Estate, 2010. Whitehead, Alfred North, and Bertrand Russell. Principia Mathematica - Volume One: 1. Rough Draft Printing, 2009. Chapter 10 Copeland, B. Jack. The Essential Turing. Clarendon Press, 2004. David, Hans T. The New Bach Reader: Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents. New edition. W. W. Norton & Co., 1999. Dennett, Daniel C., and Douglas R. Hofstadter. The Mind’s I: Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul. Basic Books, 2000. Dewdney. New Turing Omnibus. Reprint. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. edited by B. Jack Copeland. The Essential Turing : Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus the Secrets of Enigma. Reprinted. Clarendon Press, 2005. Gallwey, W Timothy, and Barry Green. Inner Game of Music. 7th ed. Pan, 2003. Hofstadter, Douglas R. I Am a Strange Loop. Reprint. Basic Books, 2008. Levitin, Daniel J. This Is Your Brain on Music: Understanding a Human Obsession. Atlantic Books, 2008. Penrose, Roger. The Large, the Small and the Human Mind. New Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Penrose, Sir Roger. The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. New Ed. Oxford Paperbacks, 1999. Petzold, Charles. The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour Through Alan Turing’s Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Sacks, Oliver. Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain. Reprint. Picador, 2008. Singh, Simon. The Code Book: The Secret History of Codes and Code-Breaking. (Reissue). Fourth Estate, 2002. Turing, Alan. “Checking a Large Routine?’ In The Early British Computer Conferences, 70-72. MIT Press, 1989. http://dl.acm.org/citation. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016079

390 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? cfm?id=94952. Turing, Alan M. “Can a Machine Think” The World of Mathematics 4 (1956): 2099-2123. ———. “Computability and A-Definability? The Journal of Symbolic Logic 2, no. 4 (1937): 153-63. ———. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence?’ Mind, 1950, 433-60. ———. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.’ In Computers & Thought, 11-35. MIT Press, 1995. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=216410. ———. “Intelligent Machines.” Ince, DC (Ed.) 5 (1992). http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/ docs/icb.topic958294.files/lecture-00-handout.pdf. ———. “Rounding-off Errors in Matrix Processes.” The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 1, no. 1 (1948): 287-308. Turing, Alan Mathison. “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem.” J. of Math 58 (1936): 345-63. ———. “Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals.” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 2, no. 1 (1939): 161-228. ———. “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis.” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52, no. 1 (1990): 153-97. Chapter 11 Baxa, Christoph. “A Note on Diophantine Representations.” American Mathematical Monthly, 1993, 138-43. Blass, Andreas, and Yuri Gurevich. “Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions.’ Bulletin of the EATCS 81 (2003): 195-225. Bérger, Egon, Erich Gradel, and Yuri Gurevich. The Classical Decision Problem. Springer, 2001. Carroll, Lewis. Symbolic Logic. New issue of 1896 ed. Dover Publications Inc., 2000. Davis, Martin, Hilary Putnam, and Julia Robinson. “The Decision Problem for Exponential Diophantine Equations.’ Annals of Mathematics, 1961, 425-36. Dyson, Verena H., James P. Jones, and John C. Shepherdson. “Some Diophantine Forms of Gédel’s Theorem.” Archive for Mathematical Logic 22, no. 1 (1980): 51-60. Franzén, Torkel. Godel’ Theorem: An Incomplete Guide to Its Use and Abuse. AK Peters/CRC Press, 2005. Hodges, Wilfrid. Logic. 2nd Revised edition. Penguin, 2001. Jr, Frederick P. Brooks. The Mythical Man Month and Other Essays on Software Engineering. 2nd ed. Addison Wesley, 1995. Kurzweil, Ray. How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed. Penguin, 2012. Matiyasevich, Yuri. HILBERT’S TENTH PROBLEM: What Can We Do with Diophantine Equations?. Accessed April 13, 2014. http://logic.pdmi-ras. ru/~yumat/Journal/H10history/H10histe.pdf.gz. Minsky, Marvin Lee. Computation. Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, 1967. http:// cba.mit.edu/events/03.11.ASE/docs/Minsky.pdf. Nagel, Ernest, and James R. Newman. Godel’s Proof. Rev. Ed. New York University Press, 2001. Penrose, Sir Roger. Shadows Of The Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness. New edition. Vintage, 2005. —— —. The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics. New Ed. Oxford Paperbacks, 1999. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016080

Bibliography 391 Reid, Constance. Julia: A Life in Mathematics. Washington, DC: The Mathematical Association of America, 1997. Rice, Henry Gordon. “Classes of Recursively Enumerable Sets and Their Decision Problems.” Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 74, no. 2 (1953): 358-66. Ruohonen, Keijo. “Hilbertin Kymmenes Probleema.’ Arkhimedes, no. 1 (1972): 2. Spolsky, J. “The Law of Leaky Abstractions? November 11, 2002. http://www. joelonsoftware.com. Tegmark, Max. “The Mathematical Universe.’ Foundations of Physics 38, no. 2 (2008): 101-50. Turing, Alan M. “Can a Machine Think” The World of Mathematics 4 (1956): 2099-2123. Turing, Alan Mathison. “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem”” J. of Math 58 (1936): 345-63. ———. “Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals.” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 2, no. 1 (1939): 161-228. Wiles, Andrew. “Modular Elliptic Curves and Fermat’s Last Theorem.” Annals of Mathematics-Second Series 141, no. 3 (1995): 443-552. Chapter 12 Burgin, Mark. Super-Recursive Algorithms. Springer, 2005. Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species: By Means of Natural Selection. Dover Giant Thrift Ed. Dover Publications Inc., 2006. Mitchell, Melanie. An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. New edition. MIT Press, 1998. Siegelmann, Hava T. Neural Networks and Analog Computation: Beyond the Turing Limit. Birkhauser, 1998. Syropoulos, Apostolos. Hypercomputation: Computing Beyond the Church- Turing Barrier. Softcover reprint of hardcover 1st ed. 2008. Springer, 2010. Chapter 13 Shannon, C.E., and Warren Weaver. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, 1949. Chapter 14 Boden, Margaret A. The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2003. Bono, Edward de. How to Have Creative Ideas: 62 Exercises to Develop the Mind. Vermilion, 2007. ———. Lateral Thinking: A Textbook of Creativity. Penguin, 2009. ———. Six Thinking Hats. Penguin, 2009. Coyle, Daniel. The Talent Code: Unlocking the Secret of Skill in Maths, Art, Music, Sport, and Just About Everything Else, Random House Books, 2009. Davis, Ronald D., and Eldon M. Braun. The Gift of Dyslexia: Why Some of the Brighest People Can’t Read and How They Can Learn. 3rd Revised edition. Souvenir Press Ltd, 2010. Edward De Bono. How to Have Creative Ideas : 62 Exercises to Develop the Mind. 1 Aufl. Vermilion, 2007. Isaacson, Walter. Steve Jobs: The Exclusive Biography. Little, Brown, 2011. McCandless, David. Information Is Beautiful. Collins, 2010. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016081

392 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? Robinson, Ken. Out of Our Minds: Learning to Be Creative. 2nd Edition. Capstone, 2011. Robinson, Ken, and Lou Aronica. The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything. Penguin, 2010. Winston, Professor Lord Robert. Bad Ideas?: An Arresting History of Our Inventions. Bantam, 2011. Chapter 15 Bell, John S., and others. “On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox.’ Physics 1, no. 3 (1964): 195-200. Conway, John H., and Simon Kochen. “The Strong Free Will Theorem.” Notices of the AMS 56, no. 2 (2009): 226-32. Conway, John, and Simon Kochen. “Reply to Comments of Bassi, Ghirardi, and Tumulka on the Free Will Theorem.’ Foundations of Physics 37, no. 11 (2007): 1643-47. Dennett, Daniel Clement. Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. 8. MIT Press, 1981. Dennett, Danile C. Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness. Basic Books, 2008. Ekert, Artur K. “Quantum Cryptography Based on Bell’s Theorem.” Physical Review Letters 67, no. 6 (1991): 661. “EPR Paradox.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, September 15, 2014. http:// en.Wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title-EPR_paradox&oldid=625734938. Gilovich, Thomas. How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Reprint. The Free Press, 1993. Gisin, Nicolas. “The Free Will Theorem, Stochastic Quantum Dynamics and True Becoming in Relativistic Quantum Physics.” arXiv Preprint arXiv: 1002. 1392, 2010. http://arxiv.org/abs/1002.1392. Goldstein, Sheldon, Daniel V. Tausk, Roderich Tumulka, and Nino Zanghi. “What Does the Free Will Theorem Actually Prove,’ Notices of the AMS 57, no. 11 (2010): 1451-53. Hawking, Stephen, and Leonard Mlodinow. The Grand Design: New Answers to the Ultimate Questions of Life. Bantam Press, 2010. Heywood, Peter, and Michael LG Redhead. “Nonlocality and the Kochen-Specker Paradox.” Foundations of Physics 13, no. 5 (1983): 481-99. Huang, Yun-Feng, Chuan-Feng Li, Yong-Sheng Zhang, Jian-Wei Pan, and Guang- Can Guo. “Experimental Test of the Kochen-Specker Theorem with Single Photons.” Physical Review Letters 90, no. 25 (2003): 250401. Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. 2nd ed. Oxford Paperbacks, 2001. Tumulka, Roderich. “Comment on ‘the Free Will Theorem.” Foundations of Physics 37, no. 2 (2007): 186-97. Zhang, Yong-Sheng, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo. “Quantum Key Distribution via Quantum Encryption.” Physical Review A 64, no. 2 (2001): 024302. Chapter 16 Land, George, and Beth Jarman. Breakpoint and Beyond: Mastering the Future - Today. Reprint. HarperBusiness, 1993. Lloyd, John, and John Mitchinson. QI: The Second Book of General Ignorance. Faber and Faber, 2010. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016082

Bibliography 393 Michael Brooks. 13 Things That Don’t Make Sense : The Most Intriguing Scientific Mysteries of Our Time. Profile, 2010. Reason Special Interview with Roger Penrose, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xiYDcl1LA014&feature=youtube_gdata_player. Reason Special Interview with Roger Penrose, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xiYDcl1LA014&feature=youtube_gdata_player. Tegmark, Max. “The Importance of Quantum Decoherence in Brain Processes.” arXiv:quant-ph/9907009, July 5, 1999. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4194. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016083

ATLAS, CERN “Good one, publish.” Milliken HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016084

Appendix 3 — — Puzzles and Experiments and posed some puzzles to solve. You can participate in the experiments or see the answers by going online and checking my website at www.jamestagg.com [: this book I have suggested some experiments for you to undertake, Jeopardy Answers from Chapter 1. Answer 1. Watson answered, Gestate. Answer 2. Watson answered. Who is Bram Stoker. Answer 3. The answer is Chicago but Watson answered very doubtful of the answer. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016085

Panda, Eats Shoots “Parenthetical remarks (however relevant) are unnecessary.” Frank L. Visco, How to Write Good “Defining what we mean by a robot is hard to do. I know now when I see one but that definition works for anything, even pizza.” Mike Gregory HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016086

Appendix 4 a Conventions in the Book the published work, such as a book or movie. Inverted Commas should read, ‘so called’ The use of the ‘Oxford Comma’ - a comma after ‘and’ — gives a longer break in a sentence to aid better understanding. You will find both ‘and’ and, ‘and; used in this book deliberately. The use of ‘their’ substitutes for he or she, and is a convention I believe will supersede, ‘he’ or ‘she’ and, ‘hin or ‘her’. The puzzles in this book are all available to download, so you don’t need to deface the book. Feel free to deface it if you wish. Buy the electronic version and save trees. sk use of italics is intended to give accent or indicate the title of Some of this book is historical or factual, while much is highly speculative. I have tried to indicate where ideas are controversial and where they are matters of accepted science. However, my experience is that much of what you are taught tends to be a gross generalization or even plain wrong. If you treat facts with a degree of skepticism, you will find this keeps you in good stead. As someone who is highly dyslexic, there will be errors. Please email me the ones you find, and recommend the book to your friends so that I can afford to print a second edition with your corrections. I have avoided the use of equations and mathematics, so you can see the flow of the philosophical argument. I also avoid a strongly historical narrative, but if you enjoy the history of science I recommend, The Missing 4%, and Quantum for a really clear exposé of the issues HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016087

398 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? around quantum mechanics, relativity and cosmology, Robert Winston's Bad Ideas for a more thorough history of language and writing, and The Trouble with Physics for the recent history of particle Physics. Regarding the brain, anything by Oliver Sachs is a winner. Your Brain on Music is a good primer on the theory of artistic thought and music, and Proust and the Squid is a good discussion of dyslexia and learning. The digits for the sequence of the Smallpox virus in Chapter Eight come from the varicella-zoster virus, a similar pathogen. The first few letters could be the same, but I hope it is impossible for anyone to disprove this as you would have to break into the CDC to do so. John Masters is not the real name of the US officer who spoke in Kabul. That name was never released to the press. This book was originally written using Microsoft Word ona MacBook Pro. It was then typeset for print using a variety of ePublication tools, including iBooksAuthor and Adobe InDesign. You can find a website for the book at wwwjamestagg.com. It is published using WordPress. All the links in the book should be maintained there just in case there is link atrophy for the printed version of the book. Feel free to comment using the blog, Twitter, Facebook or email me. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016088

Conway and Kochen “It doesnt matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn't matter how smart you are. If it doesn't agree with experiment, its wrong.” Richard P. Feynman HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016089

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Appendix 5 ~~ Index of Theorems have explained a number famous theorems in this book along with [= ideas of my own. Here is a list of the most notable. 1. Mind over Computer Turing Test — How to tell whether a computer is intelligent, even though we cannot agree on a definition of intelligence. Flynn Effect — The observation that human intelligence appears to be improving over time. Kurzweil Singularity Proposal — The conjecture that Moore's Law will result in computers acquiring near infinite power relatively soon. Lucas Argument — Minds are in a different class to computers as they are not limited by the incompleteness theorem. Humor Hypothesist — Humor and jokes are a display of non- computable intelligence. 2. Understanding Tufte’s Assertion —- That communication of understanding exceeds the capability of many presentation tools, particularly PowerPoint. Chinese Room - John Searle’s paradox challenging the idea that understanding can be mechanically simulated. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016091

402 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? . Body Language & Banter Communication Hypothesis} — That face to face communication is more powerful in some real physical sense than symbolic communication. 7-38-55 Rule — Mehrabian’s observation that the emotional content of communication is 7% words, 38% tone of voice and 55% body language. . The Brain Penrose-Hameroff Conjecture — Brains are quantum-gravity computers using tubulin as the mediator. . Knowledge Information Continuum Hypothesist — Information is finite, but understanding and knowledge are different in nature. Infinite Monkeys Hypothesis — The paradox that says monkeys could type Hamlet given enough time and paper. Cat Experimentt — Finding my house cat can use our computer, and may be more creative than monkeys! . Kittens & Gorillas Feynman Proof — A proof that uses the lack of an evolved species within an evolutionary niche to disprove the existence of something; in this case polywater. The Infinity of Primes — Pythagoras’ proof there are an infinity of prime numbers without needing the concept of a number. . Complexity & Chaos The Butterfly Effect — The proposal by Edward Lorenz that tiny effects can multiply up into enormous results. P#NP — That non-deterministic polynomial problems can never be solved in polynomial time and are, therefore, beyond the capability of any imagined computer. The Hawking-Bekenstein Turk} — Although there is a perfect chess machine, it would collapse space-time to a black hole were it to exist. . Continuum Hypothesis — Does anything come between the first two infinities; counting numbers and the continuum of real numbers. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016092

10. 11. 12. 13. 14, Index of Theorems 403 Cantor’s First Infinity Theorem — The infinite plane is the same infinity as the infinite line. . Known Unknowns Gédel’s Incompleteness Theorem — Mathematics involving simple logic is incomplete. Gédel’s Completeness Theorem -— First order logic is complete. Hilbert’s Completeness Theorem — Geometry is complete. Turing’s Machines Entscheidungsproblem — The decision problem has no solution. Turing Thesis — All computers, once sufficiently powerful, are equally powerful. Non-Computability of Musict - That general musical compositions are non-computable. Non-Computability of Creativityt — That general artistic creativity is non-computable. Software Brooks’ Law — Adding resource to a late project makes it later. Law of Leaky Abstractions — However good the attempt to abstract complexity, complexity has a habit of leaking through. Software is Created} — writing software is a non-computable, creative task. Bug Hypothesist — Bugs are an inevitable consequence of trying to generalize software by mechanical means. Hyper-Computing Adaptive Recurrent Neural Network Hypothesis — Hava Siegelmann’s proposal that ARNNs are capable of super-Turing computation. Hyper-Communication Bandwidth Conjecturet — Person-to-person communication has infinite bandwidth and is non-symbolic. Creativity Creativity Hypothesist — That all creative endeavor is a non- computable skill, analogue to theorem discovery. Wallas Model — A conceptual model for the way humans think creatively. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016093

404 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? Creative Survival Advantaget — That creativity has evolved to give us a survival advantage at all stages of evolution, not just when we evolve to the point where mathematical intuition is significant. 15. Free Will Laplace Daemon - A conceptual supreme being able to infer the future and the past from one snapshot of space-time and the laws of nature. EPR Paradox — Twin particles would transmit information faster than the speed of light if quantum mechanics was to be believed. Schrédinger’s Cat — The paradox that a cat might be both alive and dead at the same time until observed. Bell Inequality — Quantum mechanics forbids local hidden variables in a testable way. The test succeeds. Kochen-Specker Paradox — Particles cannot know their settings before measurement. Free Will Theorem — Nothing in the past light cone of the Universe causes a particle to choose its spin upon measurement. Non-decryptable Universet — The laws of physics mean the Universe is non-computable in principle. Free Will Universet - The laws of mathematics mean the Universe is non-computable and therefore has Free Will. Russian Doll Conjecturet — Since humans are creative and non-deterministic and, in a sense, they run upon the hardware of the Universe, the hardware of our Universe must also be non- deterministic. 16. The Quest for Knowledge Technology Hypothesist — The extended strong anthropic principle that the Universe must have creative beings within it to uniquely define it. 17. The Future Creative Non-Singularityt — The future is non-computable and therefore any increase in computer power, however great, will never achieve a creativity singularity. + The symbol marks items proposed for the first time within this book. If I have missed a previous publication, please feel free to write to me and I will amend a future version. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016094

——— — Index Symbols Vav 249 4 249 3D chip 21, 22 3D printing 20, 222 7%-38%-55% rule 84 50 First Dates 12 A AARON 310 Aaronson, Scott 168 abstraction 267 Academy Awards 365 Accidental Complexity 231 actin 98 Activision 290 Adams, Douglas 17, 128, 225, 238, 305, 314 Adams, Scott 296 Adaptive Recurrent Neural Network 280 Adleman, Leonard 165 Advanced Course in Design, Manufacturing and Management x Afghanistan 54, 90 A Five-day Course in Thinking 297 age and memory 120 AIDS 158 Aleph 1 175 Alexander The Great 149 algebra 248 algorithm 212, 238, 239, 243, 247, 249, 251,257 history of 6 alibi 153 Al-Khwarizmi 6 Allman, Eric 265 Alternative Uses Task 299 Alvarez, Luis 30 Amazoncom 308 Amazon rainforest 27, 181 Amedi, Amir 13 Amherst 280 amygdala 11,31 analysis 204 Analytical Engine 15, 16, 223-224 A New Kind of Science 173 anthropic principle 322 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 79 Antikythera 15 Apple 56, 68, 224, 306 Arab world democracy 82 Arafat, Yasser 81, 82 Archimedes 343 Aristotle 149 ARM 224 ARNN 280 art being appreciated 142 creativity and 304 Artamene 129 Art of Fugue 259 ASCII 203 Asimov, Isaac 4 Association of Computer Machinery 367 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016095

406 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? astrological clock 39, 42 asynchronous logic 22 Atkins v Virginia 28 ATM 233 ATP 98 audio field 291 audio processing system 114 auditory cortex 31 Australian English 86 Australian Outback 28 avatar xii axiom 198 Peano axioms 199, 205 B Babbage, Charles 16, 223 Bach, JS 7, 259 background context 86 Bader, Douglas ix bandwidth 288, 292 Barber paradox 155 Barrie, JM 128 Barrymore, Drew 12 Battleship 144 Baxa, Christoph 251 Beardsley, Dick 192 Beatles 102 Beijing 88 Bekenstein, Jacob 6, 132 Bell, Alexander Graham 18 Bell Corporation 216 Bell, John 322, 330, 333 Bell test experiment 333, 343 Berkeley University 248 bifocal glasses 152 Big Bang xii, 339 BigO 164 binary logic 150 Binsted, Kim 310 BIOS 225 Blackadder 266 Black Box experiments 67 black hole 132, 279 Bletchley Park 215 blind sight 12 Block Universe Hypothesis 317 body language 84, 288 Bohr, Niels 372 Bolt, Usain 31 bone cancer 20 Boolean logic 150, 152 Boole, George 150 Bootstrap 225 Borders 308 Borland 237 bosons 343 Bowie, David 151 brain 1, 11 accidents 11 aging 120 amygdala 11 anatomy 108 and plasticity 13 as acomputer 13, 14, 99, 120 as an exchange 18 auditory cortex 31 color perception 110 digesting starch 118 electrical pulse 98 emotions 116 glucose use 117 hearing 113 hippocampus 11, 32 imaging 99, 102 3D virtual 103 MRI 104 PET 107 seeing thought 108 learning 35-38 memory 11, 14 meninges 97 motor cortex 31 non-computable processes 373 noninvasive imaging techniques 11 organized like a filing cabinet 12 quantum effects 50, 283 quick tour 108 scanners 46 stroke damage 12 super-Turing 294 thinking 117 visual agnosia 12 brain damage 97 brainstorming 298 Branson, Richard 24 Bricklin, Dan 237 bridge 134 British General Strike 211 Britten, Benjamin 305 Brooks, Fred 229, 230, 231, 237 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016096

Brooks’ Law 230 bubble sort ballet 165 Buschkuehl, Martin 33 Bush, George W 194 butterfly creating tornados 173 Byrd, William 259 bytes 129 C calculating machines 15 California Institute of Technology (Caltech) xii Call of Duty 290 Cambridge University 17,72, 195, 221 King’s College 211 Mathematical Bridge x Trinity College 193 Wolfson College ix CaMKII 119 Candidate for a Pullet Surprise 139 Cantonese 87 Cantor, Georg 179 Cantor’s theorem 221 Carey, Maria 113 Carroll, John 29 Carroll, Lewis 135, 140, 149, 148-150, 248, 356 Casio synthesizer 311 CAT scans 13, 102 Cats Creation 145 Cattell, Raymond 29 CERN 333, 335 Chaitin, George 188 Chalmers, David 39 Champollion, Jean-Francois 89 chaos 171 CHC theory 29 checklist 152 Cheshire Cat 149 chess 32, 163 perfect chess-playing machine 6 chimpanzee and typewriter 127 China 15 Chinese 86, 129 Chinese Room, Searles 65, 64-67, 222 Christensen, Clayton 306 Christie, Agatha 260 chunking 91 Church, Alonzo 212 Index 407 Churchill, Winston 17, 213 Chutzpah 86 ciphers 215, 218 circle free 243 Clauser, John 333 Clay Mathematics Institute 167, 196, 225 Cleese, John 270, 303 clocks 42 astrological clock 39, 42 modern computers and 43 code breakers 211 codes 214 and children’s games 214 and code books 215 and code breakers 214, 305 and Enigma machine 215, 305 and one-time pad 216, 217, 218 Cohen, Harold 308, 311 COIN dynamics 53, 55, 90 Cold War 81, 213 color perception 110 comedy 92, 94 as survival skill 94 communication audio field 291 background context 86 bandwidth 288, 292 body language 288 digitization 289, 293 earliest recorded 87 emails 81 face to face xii, 81, 83, 293 hyper-communication 285-294 nonverbal 84 of objects 90 scripts and symbols 87 symbolic 87, 293 telephone 81 Compaq 307 compatibilism 41, 315 compiler 231 complexity accidental 231 essential 231 complexity hierarchy 168 compositions 8 computer xi as human 11, 26, 46 brains 14, 120 bugs 262 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016097

408 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? chess-playing 5 communicating 90 consciousness 14, 45 crash 225 creativity and 132, 257, 309 Deep Thought 17 first programmable computing machine 16 generating random numbers 189 historical convention 227 infinite computing power 261 Japanese characters 88 limitless computing power 277 logic 150 logic gates 18, 22, 121 logic limit 250 military 80 music and 258 non-computable solution 75 origins 15 pattern matching 49 personal 307 programmed to learn 38 quantum computers 277 random numbers and 44 sense of humor 25 silicon chip 20 symbolic communication 293 synchronous logic 22 understanding of 71 computer game 32 computing exponential growth 20 concentration 115 Confucius 162 Connelly, Jennifer 151 consciousness 45, 124 Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire 333 Contact 68 convergent thinking 300 Conway, John 173, 343 Conway's Game of Life 173 Cope, David 7 Copenhagen interpretation 327 Copernicus 42 Cormack, Allan 102 counter factual experiments 282 counting system 181 Coyle, Daniel 37 Craddock, Travis 50, 119, 124, 283 Crash program 227 creative thinking 1 creativity 30, 49, 295-312, 297 art and 304 being appreciated 142 computer and 132, 257, 309 convergent thinking 300 design tradeoff 311 divergent thinking 298 Eureka moment 302 incubation 301 innovator’s dilemma 306 intimation 301 John Cleese on 303 knowledge and 141 mathematical creativity 309 mechanical steps 141 non-linearity of 311 preparation 301 process 133, 270, 305 process versus 312 reward for 308 science of 301 sparking creativity 305 Crete 89 cryptography 215 quantum 217 CSI 102 Cuneiform 87 Curtis, Richard 266 cypher 214 D Dahl, Roald 140 Damadian, Raymond 104 Daniel-Constantin Mierla 265 Danziger, Daniel 335 Dark Ages 16 Darwin, Charles 197, 305, 356 da Vinci, Leonardo 374 Davis, Martin 243, 248, 258 Dawkins, Richard 338-339 D-Day 213 dead code elimination 250 de Bono, Edward 297 Decision Problem 196, 212, 219 decohering 282 Dedekind 182 Deep Blue 5 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016098

Deep Thought 17 de Fermat, Pierre 75 Dell 307 democracy Arab world 82 De Morgan, Augustus 350 Demotic 89 dendrites 98 Dennett, Daniel xi, 46, 133, 260, 351 Der Spiegel 34 Descartes 70 design tradeoff 311 determined universe 207 determinism 41-46, xi, 315, 316, 351 free will and 315 Deutsch, David xi, 56, 293, 309 Dexter, Colin 260 Dick, Philip K 324 diffusion MRI 106 digital art 129 Digital Equipment 307 digitization 289 of life 293 Dijkstra, Edgar 3 Dilbert 313 Diophantine equations 238, 239, 240, 249, 251 Diophantus 239 divergent thinking 298 DNA 104, 123 domino toppling 316 Doyle, Arthur Conan 148 Doyon, Julien 117 drag and drop 237 DVD 289 D-Wave 21 dyslexia 90, 139 E Edinburgh Festival 288 Edison, Thomas 295, 296, 298 EEG 32 Egyptian 86, 89 Einstein, Albert 30, 34, 47, 64, 117, 178, 180, 210, 212, 298, 319, 327, 332, 333, 347, 348 brain 97 Eliza 25 Elton, Ben 266 EMI 102 Index 409 Emil Post’s Word Problem 258 emotions 116 encryption 165, 218, 277 RSA encryption 165 Encyclopedia Britannica 8 English 86, 89, 129 ENIAC 223 Enigma 211, 212, 215, 218 Entscheidungsproblem 211, 219, 221 EPR paradox 332 Equitable Center 5 equivalence 200 Ericsson, Anders 37 Ernd 169 Escher, MC 346 and Penrose Steps 51 Essential Complexity 231 Euclid’s proof 156 Euler 157, 202 Eureka moment 302 Everett, Hugh 328 experiments 1 exponent 241 expression analysis 84 eyes 108 color perception 110 fovea centralis 112 resolution of 112 F Facebook 71, 271 face-to-face interaction 83 false paradox 155 Fermat’s Last Theorem xi, 225, 241, 242, 251, 253, 254, 259, 261, 275, 278, 351, 368 Fermat's puzzle 225 Fermilab 293 Feynman, Richard 58, 70, 157, 239, 306, 326, 364, 399 Feynman’s proof 157 Fields Fellowship 368 Fields Medal 368 Finland 54 FitzGerald, Edward 372 Florida State University 37 flowchart 244 Fluid Concepts & Creative Analogies 49 fluid intelligence 29, 33 fluorescent dyes 100 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016099

410 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? Flynn Effect 33 Flynn, James 33 Formalism 193 Four Color Conjecture 251 fovea centralis 112 f-PET 107 fractals 329 Franklin, Benjamin 152 Frankston, Bob 237 Freedman, Stuart 333 FreeSWITCH 265 free will 41, 313-354 determinism and 315 God and 339 particles 349 Schrédinger’s cat 325 simple theorem 337 The Free Will Theorem 343 twin particle experiment 331 uncertainty 318 Frege, Gottlob 155 French 90 French Academy of Science 238 Fritz, chess program 5 Frost, Robert 96 future 373 futures market 55 G gadolinium 106 Garden of Eden 339 gate parity point 18 Gates, Bill 236 gears 42 Geiger counter 326 geometry 179 German 86, 129 Gettysburg Address 57 ‘G factors 29 ginormous 131 Giseng, Nicolas 335 Gladwell, Malcolm 37 Glass, Philip 8 Gleick, James 171 glucose 117 God free will and 339 Gédel Escher Bach 49 Gédel, Kurt xi, 141, 193, 201, 221, 246 Gédel limit 207 Godel numbers 203 Goldbach’s Conjecture 157 Golden Pineapples 365 Good Will Hunting 257 Google 20, 253, 271, 308, 367 Gorbachev, Mikael 79 G6ttingen University 193 grade inflation 32 Graham, Martha 78 Grand Masters 5 Grand Theft Auto 91 Grantchester 221 Greece 15, 156 and ancient Greeks 18 Greek 87, 89, 149, 297 Greek tragedy 87 Gregory, Mike 396 Grieg 259 Group Intelligence 30 Grove, Andy 18 Grover’s algorithm 277 guess Xii Guilford, JP 299 Gulf Stream 152 Gurdon, Sir John 30 H Haltcrash 244 Halting Flowchart 245 Halting Problem 243, 251, 258, 259 Halting Program 225, 244 Halting Question 243 Hameroff, Stuart 119, 122, 282 Hamlet 129, 254 Hammond, Richard 97 Hampton Court Palace 42 Hard disk drives 306 Harrison, John 365 Harry Potter 92, 306 Harvard Business School 306 Harvard University 224, 307 Hawking Bekenstein bound 6 Hawking, Stephen x, xvi, 6, 132, 306, 326, 339 hearing 113 heat-sight 102 Hebrew 86, 87 Hebrew University of Jerusalem 13 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 318, 335 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016100

Henry VII 42 hieroglyphics 89 Higgs Boson 357 Hilbert, David 182, 193, 194, 238 Hilbert Problems 196, 221 Hilbert’s 10th Problem 243, 253 Hilbert’s Hotel 182 Himalayas 55 hippocampus 11, 32 Hitler, Adolf 213 Hoane, Joe 5 Hodges, Wilfrid 150 H6f6i House 79, 80 Hofstadter, Douglas xi, 49, 310 Hogarth, Mark 280 Hole in the Wall Project 35 Holmes, Sherlock 148 hologram 290 Hong Kong 88 horizontal abstraction 266 Horn, John 29 Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey 102 Howell, Emily 7, 310 Hubble 348 Hulme, David 41 hunters and spears 181 hyper-communication 285-294, 293 audio field 291 bandwidth 288, 292 digitization 289, 293 reality 289 symbolic communication 293 hyper-computing 273 hypercube 241-244 hypotenuse 242 I IBM 207, 224, 306 and Watson 8 Watson Research Laboratory 5 Ig Nobel Prize 365 imaging 99 IMAX theatre 287, 290, 293 Inception 50 inconsistency in mathematics 204 inconsistency defense 207 incubation 1, 301 Indiana University 49 indirect proof 153, 158, 244 Index 411 infinity , 179, 280 history of 179 how to count 180 larger than infinity 185 Infinity Hotel 182 infrared light 102 innovator’s dilemma 306 insight 2 inspiration 2 instinctive reactions 109 Institute of Advanced Mathematics 212, 258 Intel 18, 224, 367 intelligence 25 fluid 29, 33 ‘G factors 29 grade inflation 32 human vs computing 75 physical basis of 30 quantitative numerical skills 30 static 32 time 29 vision 29 interaction 85 face-to-face 83 interferometer 326 International Congress of Mathematicians 196 International Mathematical Union 368 internet encryption 165, 277 internet protocol 267 intimation 2, 301 intuitive thinking 2 IP 267 iPad 319 iPhone 22, 238, 297 iPod 289 IQ 27, 33, 120 1Q Test 27 Iraq 87 Iraq war 80 Irvine 280 ISABEL 14 iTunes 130 J Jabberwocky 135, 136 Jaeggi, Susanne 33 Japanese 87 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016101

412 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? Jape 310 Jefferson, Thomas 308 Jeopardy 9 Jessie 145 Jobs, Steve 47, 68, 296-297, 297, 306 joke 93 world’s funniest 94 Joke Analysis and Production Engine 310 Jones, JP 251 K Kahn, Philip 237 Kamailio 265 Kasparov, Garry 5, 34 and Deep Blue 4-6 Kelvin, Lord 180 Kerr Metric 280 Khayyam, Omar 371 King’s College 17, 211 Kish, Daniel 13 knitting 117 knowledge 8 analysis 204 creating 141 creativity and 141 difficulty discovering 204 discovery of 142 nature of 193 search for 140 Kochen, Simon 343 Kochen Specker 344 Kochen-Specker Cube 347 Kochen-Specker paradox 345 Konigsberg Bridges 202 Konigsberg University 202 Kronecker 178 Kurzweil, Ray 20, 261 and Moore’s Law 19 L lambda calculus 258 language 129 body 84 Laplace, Pierre-Simon 317 lateral thinking 297 lavalamp 45 Lavarand 45 Law and Order 87 learning 35-38 Leibniz 319 Leicestershire 89 liar’s paradox 154 library knowledge 143 light 100 spectrum 102 lightning rod 152 Linear-a 89 Linear-b 89 Linux 265 Liszt, Franz 7, 129 Loch Ness Monster 142 Loch Ness Monster Song 138 Loebner prize 72 logic 149 binary 150 Boolean 150, 152 checklists 152 for computers 150 limit 247 purpose of 156 reduction to the absurd 152 Stoic 150 Logic 150 logic gates 18, 22, 121 logic limit 262 London Bridge 42 London marathon 192, 202 London Mathematical Society 15, 238 London School of Economics 301 London Science Museum 16 long multiplication 240 Lorenz Attractor 173 Lorenz, Edward 170, 172 Lotus Corporation 237 Lucas argument 205 Lucas, JR xi, 205 Lucas-Penrose argument 205 M Madam Tussaud 75 magnetic fields 105 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 105 Makanin, Gennadii 258 Malament, David 280 Manchester University 236 Mandarin 87 Mandelbrot diagram 174 Mandelbrot Set 161 Manhattan Project 239 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016102

Index 413 Marx, Groucho 153, 382 Massachusetts 89 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 25, 165, 168, 307 Masters, John 54 mathematical proofs 156 mathematical theorems xi mathematicians Polish 211 mathematics 153 axiom 198 equivalence 200 flat problem 164 future of 196 game of 200 how to count 180 inconsistency defense 207 inconsistency in 204 indirect proof 244 infinity 179 linear problem 164 long multiplication 240 Lucas argument 205 mathematical creativity 309 non-deterministic polynomial problems 165 Peano axioms 199, 205 prime numbers 243 PSPACE problem 168 traveling salesman problem 166 truth and rules 193, 200, 206 Matiyasevich, Yuri 248, 251 Mattapoisett 89 Maude, Isabel 14 Maxwell 298 Mayan astronomers 70 maze 164, 165 McChrystal, General Stanley A 54 McGinn, Colin 324 McGurk Effect 114 McLaughlin, Dan 37 Mehrabian, Albert 84 memory 11, 14, 90, 118 digital 130 photographic memory 119 visio-spacial 28 with age 120 memory management 250 meninges 97 meningitis 14 Merchant of Death 366 Merilees, Philip 170 Mesopotamia 87 metre 28 micro-expression analysis 84 microphones 289 Microsoft 237 Microsoft Word 135 microtubules 124, 281 Miles, Andrew 368 Millennium Falcon 348 Milliken 394 Minds, Machines and Gédel 205 Minessale, Anthony 265 Ming Dynasty 15 mirror neurons 116 Mirzakhani, Maryam 368 Mitra, Sugata 35 monkey 129 moon shot story 144 monkeys and typewriters 254 Monty Python 93 Moon Base 348 Moore, Gordon 18 Moore's Law 18 Morgan, Edwin 138, 142 Morse code 336 motor cortex 31 Mozart 246, 298 MRI scan 69, 104 multiplication long 240 Munduruku tribe 181 Murphy’s Law 226 muscle memory 90 muscles 117, 192 music 113 computers and 258 musical compositions 8 myelin 31,118 N Napoleonic wars 129 NASA 59 Native American 89 Navier Stokes Hypothesis 238 nebula 174 Negroponte, Nicolas 35 neural network 116, 121, 280 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016103

414 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? neurons 50, 98, 116 microtubules 281 nerve impulse speed 99 recovery time 121 synapse 119 Newcastle University 35 Newman, Max 221 Newton, Isaac 171, 319 Newton's Rings 321 New York University School of Medicine 12 Niels Bohr Institute 327 nitrocellulose 218 Nixon, Richard 194 Nobel, Alfred 365 Nobel Prize 30, 50, 100, 102, 119, 213, 326, 365 non-algorithmic xi non-computable processes 373 non-computable thought 261, 282 noncomputational creativity xi non-determinism 275, 282, 318 non-deterministic behavior 44 non-deterministic polynomial problems 165 noninvasive imaging techniques 11 nonverbal communication 84 Norvig, Peter 57 No Silver Bullet 237 No Silver Bullet - Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering 231 Nova Institute 50 Nova Southeastern University 124 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 104 numbers counting system 181 defining 199 Godel numbers 203 infinity 179 nature of 155 prime 156, 243, 343 random 188 real 186, 280 Turing numbers 190 zero 179 Nyquist, Harry xiii O Occam's Razor 68 omnipotence 340 omniscience 340 On Computable Numbers and their Application to the Entscheidungsproblem 211 One Laptop per Child 35, 82 one-time pad 216, 337 opium 55 optical illusions 113 oracle function 278 order-of-magnitude 164 O'Reilly, Edward 50 Organon 149 Orwell, George 178 Outliers 37 Oxford English Dictionary 86 Oxford University xi, 50, 149, 205, 282 P paperclip test 298 paper tape 221 paradox xi, 68, 70, 114, 153, 203, 326 Barber paradox 155 EPR paradox 332 false 155 Kochen-Specker paradox 345 liar’s paradox 154 Russell paradox 155 Wiles paradox 247 Zenoss paradox 154 parallel lines 179 Paramecium 123-126 particle accelerator 69 Pasteur Institute 188 pattern matching 49 Pavillon de Breteuil 28 PC revolution 236 PDP11-34 236 Peano axioms 199, 205 Peano, Giuseppe 197, 199 Pelmanism 28 pendulum 121 Penrose, Roger xi, 50, 56, 123, 205, 246, 261, 282, 309, 328 Penrose Steps 51, 113 Pentagon 79 people living forever 20 Pérez, Shimon 81, 82 permutation of information 135 Persia 15 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016104

personal computers 307 PET 107 philosophical proof 246 philosophy 193 Photo Electric Effect 366 photographic memory 119 photons 110, 320, 331, 332, 348 photosynthesis 50, 124 physics 180 determinism 316 Picasso, Pablo 232, 246, 298 pit vipers 102 Pixar 306 Places game 168 plank interval 131, 255 Plato 149, 179 Podolsky, Jacob 332 poem computer created 134 Poincaré Conjecture 357 Poincaré, Henri 171, 180 Polaroid lenses 332 police strike 54 Polish Intelligence Bureau 211 polynomial 164 polywater 157 positivism 153 positron emission tomography 107 Post, Emil 258 Post Problems 258 Powell, Colin 53 PowerPoint 63 preparation 301 Previn, Andre 93 prime numbers 156, 243, 343 Princeton University 97, 212, 223, 251 Principia Mathematica 195 Private Eye 287 process creativity versus 312 program equivalence problem 250 programmer 235, 238, 263 programming geniuses 271 super-programmers 266 progressive cipher 214 proof Feynman’s proof 157 indirect 244 mathematical 156 philosophical 246 Index 415 PSPACE problem 168 Pulitzer Prize 365, 367 purpose on the planet 9 puzzle two guards 151 Pygmalion 25 Pythagoras 243 Pythagorean triangle 240 Q quantitative numerical skills 30 quants 71 quantum brains 122 quantum computers 277 quantum cryptography 215, 217 quantum effects 50, 282 quantum gravity interaction 329 quantum mechanics 22, 123, 180, 293, 344 Copenhagen interpretation 327 quantum Morse machine 337 quantum randomness 45 quantum uncertainty 21 quartz 121 quartz crystal 43 qubits 21 quinine 100 R radioactive decay 327 random chance 254 random numbers 44 Reagan, Ronald 79 reality 289 real numbers 280 reductio ad absurdum 152, 157 reflection 319 relativity 180 Special Relativity 348 Theory of Relativity 366 Renaissance 16, 297 Reykjavik 79 rice covering chessboard 163 Rice's Theorem 267 Riemann Hypothesis 238, 257 Riemann surfaces 368 Ritchie, Graeme 310 Rivest, Ron 165 Robinson Davis Matiyasevich theory 248 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016105

416 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? Robinson, Julia 248, 251 Robinson, Sir Ken 299 Rogers and Hammerstein 266 Rommel 211 Réntgen, Wilhelm 100 Rosen, Samuel 332 Rosetta Stone 89 Rowling, JK 306 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 366 RSA encryption 165 Rubik’s cube 345 Rule 164 192 tules 192, 200 Rumsfeld, Donald 190, 194 RunMe 245 Ruohonen, Keijo 251 Russell, Bertrand 155, 193, 195 Russell paradox 155 S Sachs, Oliver 12 Sagan, Carl 68 Sandler, Adam 12 Sanford, Edward 38 Schadenfreude 86 Scherbius, Arthur 211 Schrédinger, Erwin 326 Schrédinger’s cat 325 Scientific American 85 scripts and symbols 87 Searle’s Chinese Room 66, 222 secret message 214 Seeger, Pete 162 Sego, Daniel 335 self-halting problem 250 SendMail 265 Shadows of the Mind 50, 282 Shakespeare, William 39, 129, 131, 138, 140, 254 Shamir, Adi 165 Shannon, Claude xiii, 3, 216, 337 Sharman, Mike ix Shaw, George Bernard 25, 78, 286 Shockley, William 30 Shor’s algorithm 277 Siegelmann, Hava 280 silicon chip 20 Silicon Graphics 45 Simonsen, Inge 192 Singer, Isaac 314 Singh, Simon 242 single cell organisms 18 singularity 261 Siri 56 Skinner, BF 34 smallpox virus 189 smile 84 sock analogy 332 software 224, 231 bugs 262 coding 264 drag and drop 237 flowchart 244 modern word processor 236 origins of 238 PC revolution 236 problems 250 process 270 programmer 235, 238, 263 programming geniuses 271 re-architect 270 scope creep 270 spreadsheet 237 super-programmers 266 writing 235 sorting 164 Soviets 79 space like separation 348 Space Shuttle Columbia 58 Spanish 90 spears and hunters 181 Special Purpose Objection 253 Special Relativity 348 speed of light 317 spell checkers 139 spin 343 Spolsky, Joel 256 Law of Leaky Abstractions 256 Spolsky’s Law 267 spreadsheet 237 Stanford University 30 starch 118 Star Trek 157, 348 Star Wars 79 static intelligence 32 statistical approach 8 Stern, William 27 Stockhausen 7 Stoic logic 150 story 92 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016106

Strategic Defense Initiative 79 stroke damage 12 substitution code 203 Sumerians 87 superconductivity 22 super-programmers 266 super-Turing 275, 278, 283, 294 syllogisms 150, 152, 158 symbolic communication 87, 293 symbols 130, 143, 194, 201 synapse 119 system argument 66 T Tagg, James Home Page 232 Tallis, Thomas 259 tapetum lucidum 110 TCP 267 Terman, Lewis 30 The Art of Thought 301 The Boy Who Can't Forget 120 The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint 63 The Emperor’ New Mind xi, 50, 246, 282 The Free Will Theorem 343 The Free Will Universe 231 The Game of Logic 150 The God Delusion 339 The History of Western Philosophy 193 The Innovators Dilemma 306 The Journal of Irreproducible Results 139 The Labyrinth 150 The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat 12 The Mythical Man Month 231 Theory of Relativity 366 Thermal Imaging 101 The Sound of Music 266 The Talent Code 37 The Universe in a Nutshell 339 The Webby Awards 365 thiamin molecules 124 thinking 117 Thomas, Dylan 140 thought art 87 Three Body Problem 171 time intelligence 29 time travel 316 Tokyo University 13 Tolstoy, Leo 129 Index 417 War and Peace 129 toothed gears 43 Top Gear 97 topology 249 tortoise and hare 154 Torvalds, Linus 232, 265 totality problem 250 Tower of London 42 Transmission Control Protocol 267 traveling salesman problem 166 triple drug therapy 158 truth 192 tubulin 98, 118, 122, 124 single-celled organisms 123 tubulin microtubules 282 tubulin molecules 50 Tufte, Ed 53, 63, 92 Tufts University 102 Turing, Alan xi, 15, 17, 26, 71, 96-97, 141, 209, 210, 211, 238, 258, 259, 302, 342 and Churchill 213 and computer understanding 212 and Enigma 212 and The Decision Problem 212, 219, 238 and World War II 213 at Bletchley Park 212 at Cambridge University 211 at Princeton University 212 birth 211 death 213 homosexuality 213 Turing Award 213 Turing Award 367 Turing limit 155, 253, 260, 275, 278, 280 Turing machine 212, 221, 246, 251, 275, 278, 280, 353 Lego 223 universal Turing machine 222 Turing numbers 190 Turing test 67, 71, 72, 261 Turing theorem 351 Tuszynski, Jack 119 twin particle experiment 331 twins 31 two guards puzzle 151 Two Ronnies 86, 93 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016107

418 Are the Androids Dreaming Yet? U Ultimate Question of Life the Universe and Everything 238 ultraviolet light 100 Uncanny Valley 75 uncertainty 318 understanding xiii, 53 meaning of 56 of computers 71 Unicode 129, 203 United States Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory 223 Universal Turing Machine 246 universe anthropic principle 322 complexity and chaos 173 determined 207 deterministic 175 end of 140 University of Alberta 119 University of Arizona 119, 122, 282 University of Calgary 251 University of California 280 University of Maryland 33 University of Massachusetts 280 University of Montreal 117 University of Moscow 258 University of Otago 33 University of Santa Cruz 7 University of Vienna 202 urban legend 11 US Supreme Court 28 Vv van Gogh, Vincent 142 variable initialization 250 vertical abstraction 267 Visco, Frank L 396 vision 109 vision intelligence 29 visual agnosia 12 Volkswagen Polo 312 von Neumann, John 223 Vorderman, Carol 30 WwW Wallas, Graham 1, 301 Wang 308 War and Peace 129 Watson computer 8, 207 Watson Research Laboratory 5 wave interference 320 wavelength 102 weather predicting 168, 172 Wechsler Test 27 Weizenbaum, Joseph 25 West, Mae 78 Whitehead, Alfred North 195 Who Wants to be a Millionaire? 347 Wikipedia 8, 129, 231 Wilder, Billy 128 Wiles, Andrew xi, 75, 242, 248, 251, 254, 259, 261, 351 Wiles Paradox 247 William of Occam 68 Winchester Drives 306 Wise, Michael 335 Wolfram, Stephen 173, 246, 352 Woods, Tiger 116 WordPress 237 World War I (First World War) 211, 337 World War II (Second World War) 17, 218, 337 code breakers 211 Wozniak, Steve 10, 68 Wright, Stephen 274 WYSIWYG 237 X XPRIZE 238, 367 X-ray 69, 100 damage from 104 slicing technique 102 wavelength 102 Y Yellow Pages 308 Z Zar, Jerrold H 139 Zeitgeist 86 Zeno machine 280 Zeno’s paradox 154 Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory 156 zigzag method 182 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016108

Index 419 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016109

HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_016110