ars as a National Science Foundation post- doctoral researcher in Copenhagen. In his Nobel lecture twenty years later, Glashow indicated that he and Schwinger had planned to write a manuscript on the subject after Glashow graduated, but one of them lost the first draft of the manuscript, and they never go

tuition and guesswork, building on prodigious mathematical skill and experience. Schwinger's mathemati- cal skill was every bit Feynman's equal, but Schwinger worked in an orderly fashion, manipulating complicated mathematical expressions with an ease not possible for ordinary mortals. He joked about Feyn

the subject after Glashow graduated, but one of them lost the first draft of the manuscript, and they never got back to it. Glashow was no clone of Schwinger's. Refined and brilliant, yes, but also brash, playful, and boisterous, Glashow did research that was not characterized by mathematical acrobatics,

and he had continued to argue that the Yang-Mills versions of photons could be massive, albeit without demonstrating how this could come to pass. Schwinger's work caught the attention of a mild-mannered young British theorist, Peter Higgs, who was then a lecturer in mathemati- cal physics at the Univers

ion easier to do and expect to arrive at the same predictions for physically observable quantities by calculating in any other gauge. As Higgs read Schwinger's papers, Higgs realized that some gauge choices could appear to have the same conflict with relativity that Gil- bert had pointed out as plaguing K

ul theories often aren't as seductive as they are years later—like a fine wine, or a distant love. So it was that the ideas of Yang and Mills, and Schwinger and the rest, based on the mathematical poetry of gauge symmetry, failed at the time to inspire or compete with the idea that quantum field theory,