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1) (Article III "case" or controversy); see also Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) 215 ("case" is a "gene
n adversarial dispute where one party purposefully invokes the judicial power seeking an adjudication of their rights and obligations. Id; see also Black's at 215 (defining "case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedi
ate Attorney's Office in light of the pre- existing state investigation. In addition to the authorities cited above, the Supreme Court's decision in Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985), further supports the interpretation that the CVRA does not provide for judicial intervention in a case where no cri
11) (Article III "case" or controversy); see also Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) 215 ("case" is a "gen
adversarial dispute where one party purposefully invokes the judicial power seeking an adjudication of their rights and obligations. Id. ; see also Black's at 215 (defining "case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedin
tate Attorney's Office in light of the pre-existing state investigation. In addition to the authorities cited above, the Supreme Court's decision in Heckler v. Chaney , 470 U.S. 821 (1985), further supports the interpretation that the CVRA does not provide for judicial intervention in a case where no cr
o "full and timely restitution," likewise presupposes the initiation—and indeed perhaps the maturation or even conclusion—of criminal proceedings. Black's, for instance, defines the term "restitution," in relevant part, to mean "[c]ompensation for loss; esp., full or partial compensation paid by a cri
ment was filed. The Majority brushes aside the fact that the term "case" can mean both a judicial case and an investigative case on the basis that Black's first defines "case" as a civil or criminal proceeding and only second as a criminal investigation. Maj. Op. at 1207. IS But since when is statut
e United States in their control over criminal prosecutions. Id. (quoting United States v. Cox. 342 F.2d 167, 171 (5th Cir. 1965)); accord. e.g.. Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821. 832, 105 S.Ct. 1649, 84 L.Ed.2d 714 (1985) ("gyre decision of a prosecutor in the Executive Branch not to indict ... has l
1) (Article III "case" or controversy); see also Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) 215 ("case" is a "gene
adversarial dispute where one party purposefully invokes the judicial power seeking an adjudication of their rights and obligations. Id.. see also Black's at 215 (defining "case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedi
ate Attorney's Office in light of the pre- existing state investigation. In addition to the authorities cited above, the Supreme Court's decision in Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985), further supports the interpretation that the CVRA does not provide for judicial intervention in a case where no cri
us B. Lau, White & Case LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee Stolt—Nielsen S.A. and Stott- Nielsen Transportation Group Ltd. Roberta D. Liebenberg, Allen D. Black, (Argued), Gerard A. Dever, Fine, Kaplan & Black, Philadelphia, PA, James A. Back- strom, Jr., Philadelphia, PA, for Appellee Richard B. Wingfield
ation Group Ltd. Roberta D. Liebenberg, Allen D. Black, (Argued), Gerard A. Dever, Fine, Kaplan & Blac
e faced this issue have held that language-based classi- fications are not the equivalent of national origin classifications. See Soberal-Peres v. Heckler, 717 F.2d 36, 41 (2d Cir.1983), art. denied, — U.S —, 104 S.Ct. 1713, 80 L.Ed.2d 186 (1984); Frontera v Sindell, 522 F.2d 1215, 1219-20 (6th Cir.1
1) (Article III "case" or controversy); see also Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) 215 ("case" is a "gene
adversarial dispute where one party purposefully invokes the judicial power seeking an adjudication of their rights and obligations. Id.; see also Black's at 215 (defining "case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedi
ate Attorney's Office in light of the pre- existing state investigation. In addition to the authorities cited above, the Supreme Court's decision in Heckler'. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985), further supports the interpretation that the CVRA does not provide for judicial intervention in a case where no crim
adversarial dispute where one party purposefully invokes the judicial power seeking an adjudication of their rights and obligations. ILL; see also Black's at 215 (defining "case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedi
11) (Article HI "case" or controversy); see also Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) 215 ("case" is a "gene
ate Attorney's Office in light of the pre- existing state investigation. In addition to the authorities cited above, the Supreme Court's decision in Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985), further supports the interpretation that the CVRA does not provide for judicial intervention in a case where no cri
adversarial dispute where one party purposefully invokes the judicial power seeking an adjudication of their rights and obligations. ILL; see also Black's at 215 (defining "case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedi
11) (Article HI "case" or controversy); see also Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) 215 ("case" is a "gene
ate Attorney's Office in light of the pre- existing state investigation. In addition to the authorities cited above, the Supreme Court's decision in Heckler!. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985), further supports the interpretation that the CVRA does not provide for judicial intervention in a case where no crim
existing judicial proceeding. See, e.g., Motion, Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) ("Frequently, i
c prosecutions, until they come before the court to which they are returnable, are within the exclusive direction of the district attorney ....'); Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821, 832, 105 S. Ct. 1649, 1656, 84 L.Ed.2d 714 (1985) r[T]he decision of a prosecutor in the Executive Branch not to indict ..
t the FBI Special Agent in Charge called him “to offer congratulations” and “to praise our prosecutors for holding firm against the likes of Messrs. Black, 176 Plea Hearing Transcript at 20, 42. OPR was unable to determine to which victims Belohlavek
trical protection be available for the decision not to charge.” Id. at 41 (emphasis in original). Finally, in an analogous area of the law, in Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821 (1985), the Supreme Court concluded that an agency’s decision not to undertake an enforcement action is not reviewable unde
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