victims were treated in all stages of the criminal justice process, from the police investigation through 6 See DoucLAs E. BELoor, PAUL G. CASSELL & STEVEN J. Twist, VICTIMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 3-39 (3d ed. 2010) (describing reforms from a historical perspective), see also, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 3771(a) (2012). T

y parole or other release of the criminal. The Task Force 4 18 U.S.C. § 3771(¢)(1). > Id. § 3771(d)(3). © See Douglas E. Beloof, Paul G. Cassell & Steven J. Twist, Victims in Criminal Procedure 3-39 (3d ed. 2010) (describing reforms from a historical perspective); see also, e.g., /8 U.S.C. § 377/(a) (2012). 7

yne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 834 (1991) (Scalia, J., concurring) (internal quotations omitted). See generally Douglas E. Beloof, Paul G. Cassell & Steven J. Twist, Victims in Criminal Procedure 638-39 (2d ed. 2005) (discussing the need for victims’ participation in the criminal justice system); see also Shirley

05)). The CVRA was part of a much larger piece of legislation that addressed a variety of subjects, known as the "Justice for All Act.” See generally Steven J. Twist, On the Wings of Their Angels: The Scott Campbell, Stephanie Roper, Wendy Preston, Louarna Gillis, Nila Lynn Crime Victims' Rights Act, 9 Lewis & Cla

they are the harmed individual," and "this in turn may contribute to the psychological healing of the victim." Douglas E. Beloof, Paul G. Cassell & Steven J. Twist, VICTIMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 478 (Carolina Acad. Press 2005). In addition, as a practical matter, "the victim may have financial interests in the