A residential area is land zoned primarily for housing at a density of io units per acre or greater. These areas may have single-family and multifamily housing and include building types such as townhomes, apartments, duplexes, condominiums, or mobile homes. Site area is synonymous with property area. SS CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 77 EFTA00281616

78 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281617

ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION-PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ACCESS I- t Credit SS Credit 3.1 Points 6 points Intent To reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. Requirements OPTION 1. Rail Station Proximity Locate the project in a building within 1/2.-mile walking distance (measured from a main building entrance) of an existing (or planned and funded) commuter rail, light nil or subway station. OR OPTION 2. Bus Stop Proximity Locate the project within 1/4-mile walking distance (measured from a main building entrance) of r or more stops for a or more public campus or private bus lines usable by tenant occupants. SS CREDIT 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 79 EFTA00281618

SS CI Credit 3.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The extensive use of single-occupancy vehicles and their heavy reliance on petroleum contribute to environmental problems. Fortunately, alternatives to conventional transportation methods exist. Many people are willing to use other options if they are convenient. The use of mass transit helps reduce energy demand for transportation and associated greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the space needed for parking lots that encroach on the green space of a building site. Minimizing parking lots reduces the building footprint and sets aside more space for natural areas or greater development densities. Reductions in single-occupancy vehicle use directly affect fuel consumption and reduce air and water pollution fromvehicle exhaust. On the basis ofpassenger miles traveled, public transportation is twice as fuel efficient as private vehicles and annually saves 45 million barrels of Another benefit of public transportation is the associated reduction in the need for infrastructure used by vehicles. Parking facilities and roadways for automobiles have negative impacts on the environment because impervious surfaces, such as asphalt, increase stormwater runoff while contributing to urban heat island effects. Economic Issues Many occupants view proximity to mass transit as a benefit, and this can influence the value and marketability of the building. For building occupants, costs associated with traveling to and from the workplace can be significantly reduced through access to public transportation. Not only is this an economic benefit for building occupants, it helps business owners attract and retain employees. Reducing the size of parking areas based on anticipated use of public transportation by building occupants may alter operating costs associated with parking lot maintenance. If local utilities charge for stormwater based on impervious surface area, minimizing these areas can result in lower stormwater fees. 2. Related Credits Sites close to existing public transportation infrastructure tend to be in more densely developed areas. The following credit maybe more likely achievable for projects in such locations: ■ SS Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Choose a base building that has convenient access to existing transportation networks to minimize the need for new transportation lines. Local transit authorities can provide maps and directories that will help identify the available transportation options. Consider developing a transportation management plan that evaluates anticipated transportation use patterns and offers alternatives aimed at reducing commuting in single-occupancy vehicles. This management plan could be considered a comprehensive approach to addressing the 4 credits within SS Credit 4, Alternative Transportation. This is particularly useful for large buildings, buildings that are part of a master plan implementation, and developments with multiple buildings. If possible, survey future potential building occupants about whether the available public transportation options meet their needs. Look for functional sidewalks, paths, and walkways that lead directly to existing mass transit stops. 80 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281619

If a light rail or subway station is sited, planned, and funded at the time the project is completed, it satisfies the intent of this credit. If private shuttle buses will be used to meet the requirements, they must connect to public transportation and operate during the most frequent commuting hours. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make proximity to public transportation a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. 6. Calculations OPTION 1 and OPTION 2 Use an area drawing, aerial photograph, or map to calculate the walking distance to the transit stops. If the building has multiple main or public entrances, project teams can measure walking distances from multiple building entrances. Software tools like Google" Maps Pedometer (www. ) maybe useful for determining walking distance. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Identify local rail stations or bus routes serving the project building. ■ Develop a site vicinity plan, to scale, and label walking paths between the project building's main entrance and rail stations or bus stops. ■ If the team anticipates rail development, obtain verification of funding for the rail project. 8. Examples LEO Enterprise, Inc., has selected tenant space in a downtovm office building. The building iswithin walking distance of public transportation. Figurer shows a rail station within 1/2.-mile walking distance from the building's main entrance, the entrance used by the tenant. The map includes a scale bar and a north indicator. SS CI Credit 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 81 EFTA00281620

SS CI Credit 3.1 Figure 1: Sample Area Drawing: Distance to Rail I I I Ire 1/4 1/2 mM 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn an exemplary performance credit under the Innovation in Design section for SS Credit 3.1, Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access by complying with the requirements oft of the 2. options described below. OPTION 1. Comprehensive Transportation Management Plan Institute a comprehensive transportation management plan that demonstrates a quantifiable reduction in personal automobile usethroughbyproviding multiple transportation alternatives. Only 1 exemplary performance credit is available for implementing a comprehensive transportation management plan for any of the SS Credit 3, Alternative Transportation, credits. OPTION 2. Double Transit Ridership Because projects in locations with good mass transit can achieve substantially and quantifiably higher environmental benefits, meeting the following threshold qualifies a project forexemplary performance. The Center for Clean Air Policy' has found that average transit ridership increases by 0.5% for every 1.0% increase in growth of transit service levels, which leads to the conclusion that quadrupling transit service generally doubles transit ridership. To achieve exemplary performance, meet the following minimum requirements: ■ Locate the tenant space in a building that is within 112 mile of at least 2 existing commuter rail, light rail, or subway lines. 82 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281621

OR • Locate the tenant space in a building that is within 14 mile of at least 2 or more stops for 4 ci or more public or campus (private) bus lines usable by tenants. SS AND ■ Frequency of service must be at least 200 transit rides per day, total, at these stops. A combination of rail and bus lines is allowable. This strategy is based on the assumption that the threshold of the base credit would provide, in most cases, at least so transit rides per day (half-hourly service 24 hours per day or more frequent service for less than 24 hours per day). If, on average, transit ridership increases by 0.5% for every 1.0% increase in transit service, then quadrupling the number of rides available would, on average, double the transit ridership: 4 x so rides = zoo rides. Include a transit schedule and map with the LEED certification submittal. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Transit infrastructure can be underutilized if building occupants are not informed about public transportation opportunities or encouraged to use these systems. Consider working with building owners,tenantsandoperatorstodevelop ongoing programsto support transit use andinfrastructure. Appropriate strategies will vary by building ownership, tenant organization and occupancy type. For example, a multitenant facility with third-party management is less likely to provide subsidized transit passes than an owner-occupied facility, but it could establish a program to inform occupants about transit opportunities. Programming options to consider include the following examples: ■ Providing financial incentives or subsidized passes for public transit. ■ Instituting a "free ride home" program for public transit commuters who need to work unexpected hours. ■ Promotingthe use of mass transit byproviding information on transportation options,routes, services, and incentives. ■ Participating in local or regional transportation planning to ensure that building occupants' needs are considered. ■ Establishing a method for tracking public transit ridership. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org/pLojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites U.S. EPA and Department of Transportation, Best Workplaces for Commuters http://wv.bestworIcplaces.orgfindex.htm This program publicly recognizes employers who have exemplary commuter benefits programs. It provides tools, guidance, and promotions to help employers give commuter benefits, reap the financial gains, and achieve national recognition. U.S. EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality http://www.emgovfotaq Credit 3.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 83 EFTA00281622

SS CI Credit 3.1 This EPA website provides information about the types and effects of air pollution associated with automobile use and links to resources for organizations interested in promoting commuter-choice programs. 13. Definitions A campus or private bus is a bus or shuttle service that is privately operated and not available to the general public. In LEED, a campus or private bus line that falls within 1/4 mile of the project site and provides transportation service to the public can contribute to earning credits. Mass transit is designed to transport large groups of persons in a single vehicle, such as a bus or train. Public transportation consists of bus, rail, or other transit services for the general public that operate on a regular, continual basis. Walking distance is the length of the walkable pathway between the building and public transportation. 84 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281623

ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION-BICYCLE STORAGE AND CHANGING ROOMS Credit Points SS Credit 3.2 2 points Intent To reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. Requirements Provide secure bicycle racks and/or storage (within zoo yards of a main building entrance) for s%or more of tenant occupants (measured at peak periods). Provideshowerandchangingfacilities in thebuilding,orwithin zooyards ofabuildingentrance, for o.s% of full-time equivalent (Pit) occupants. SS CREDIT 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 85 EFTA00281624

SS CI Credit 3.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The environmental effects of automobile use include vehicle emissions that contribute to smog and air pollution, as well as environmental impacts from oil extraction and petroleum refining. Bicycling as an alternative to personal vehicle use offers a number of environmental benefits. Bicycle commuting produces no emissions, has zero demand for petroleum-based fuels, relieves traffic congestion, reduces noise pollution, and requires far less infrastructure for roadways and parking lots. Roadways and parking lots, on the other hand, produce stormwater runoff, contribute to the urban heat island effect, and encroach on green space. Bicycles are more likely to be used for relatively short commuting trips. Displacing vehicle miles with bicycling, even for short trips, carries a large environmental benefit because a large portion of vehicle emissions occur in the first few minutes of driving. Following a cold start, emissions control equipment is less effective because of cool operating temperatures. Economic Issues The initial cost of building bike storage areas and changing facilities or showers is typically low relative to the overall project cost. When buildings accommodate bicycling infrastructure, occupants can realize health benefits through bicycle and walking commuting strategies. Bicycling and walking also expose people to the community, encouraging interaction among neighbors and allowing for enjoyment of the area in ways unavailable to automobile passengers. 2. Related Credits There are no related credits. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Choose a basebuildingthat has convenient access to safe bicycle pathways and secure bicycle storage areas for cyclists. Work with building owners to provide shower and changing areas for cyclists that are easily accessible from bicycle storage areas. Survey potential building occupants and determine whether the available bike routes and their compatibility with mass transit options meet their needs. Look for functional and direct paths that can be used by bicycle commuters. Shower facilities maybe either within the tenant's space or in a common facility within 200 yards of the main building entrance. If changing rooms and showers are not within the tenant space, demonstrate that the required capacity will not be compromised by other users. Show that the arrangements are permanent and are not subject to lease revisions or other circumstances beyond the control of the tenant. If the required bicycle-rack capacity cannot be reserved for the specific tenant space, the quantity must be based on the entire building population. Shower and changing rooms can be provided by health club memberships if those facilities are provided free of charge and if sufficient shower and changing facilities are available to satisfy the credit requirements of 0.5% of the tenant FTE. A minimum of a 2-year contract is required between the tenant and the health club. 86 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281625

5. Timeline and Team Bicycle storage and shower facilities should be incorporated into design concepts during schematic design and design development. By considering cycling early on, the project team can implement a successful alternative transportation program. For example, when selecting a base building, the project team can include proximity to existing bicycle commuting infrastructure as a criterion. Coordination among the architect, plumbing engineer, civil engineer and/or landscape architect may be required for locating and designing bicycle storage and shower facilities. The project team should also consider future expansion opportunities. 6. Calculations To determine the number of secure bicycle spaces and changing and shower facilities required, follow the steps below. STEP 1 Identify the total number of occupants for each of the following occupancy types: a. Full-time staff b. Part-time staff c. Peak transients (students, volunteers, visitors, customers, etc.) Include only occupants from the tenant space pursuing LEED certification; do not include occupants from the entire building. In tenant spaces with multiple shifts,use onlythehighest- volume shift in the calculation but consider shift overlap when determining peak users. STEP 2 For full-time and part-time staff, calculate the FTE tenant occupants based on a standard 8-hour occupancy period. An 8-hour occupant has an FTE value of 1.0, while a part-time occupant has a FTE value based on her/his hours per day divided by 8 (see Equation 1). FTE calculations for the project must be used consistently for all LEED credits. Equation 1. FTE Staff Occupants Total FTE Staff Occupants — Total Staff Occupant Hours Et STEP 3 Calculate the number of secure bicycle spaces required foreachgroup ofoccupants according to Equation 2. Equation 2a. Secure Bike Spaces Staff Occupant FIE Staff Spaces — Occupants X 0.05 Equation 2b. Secure Bike Spaces Transient Peak Spaces Transients X 0.05 Certain types of transient populations can be excluded from these calculations if they cannot reasonably be expected to arrive by bicycle and thus use on-site storage facilities. For example, air travelers arriving at an airport will not need bicycle storage. Project teams should be prepared to justify the exclusion of any transients from the calculations. SS CI Credit 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 87 EFTA00281626

SS CI Credit 3.2 STEP 4 Calculate the number of showers required for staff using Equations. Equation 3. Staff Showering Facilities Showering Facilities = FTE Staff X 0.005 Transient occupants are not counted in the showering facility calculation. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Determine the number of occupants of each type and calculate the number of bicycle storage and showering facilities required. ■ Develop a plan showing the location and quantity of bicycle storage and shower facilities and determine the distance between facilities and the building entry. 8. Examples A building houses a companywith z shifts. The first shift includes 240 full-time workers and 90 part- time workers. The second shift includes 110 full-time workers and 6c3 part-time workers. There are novisitors or transient occupants who use the tenant space. Calculations to determine the total FTE staff occupants for each shift are shown in Tablet. Table 1. Sample FTE Calculation RIM Full-time Staff Part-time Staff Full-time Equivalent Staff Staff (hr) Staff (hr) Staff First Shift 240 8 90 4 285 Second Shift 110 8 60 4 140 The first shift is used for determining the peak number of bicycrng occupants because it has the greatest FTE tenant occupant total. Based on a total of 2.85 FTE-tenant occupants, the estimated number of cycling occupants is 1425 (2.13S x 0.05 = 1425); IS secure bicycle spaces are required. The result for changing and showering facilities is t.4 (285 x .005 = 1.4); 2 changing and showering facilities are required. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn an innovation credit for exemplary performance by instituting a comprehensive transportation management planthat demonstrates a quantifiable reduction in personalautomobile use by providing multiple transportation alternatives. Only t exemplary performance credit is available for implementing a comprehensive transportation management plan for any of the SS Credit 3, Alternative Transportation, credits. Projects that are awarded exemplary performance for SS Credit 3.1, Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access, using the double transit ridership option are not eligible for exemplary performance under this credit. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 88 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281627

11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Project teams should consider working with tenants, building owners, and operators to develop ongoing programs that support bicycle use. Appropriate strategies will vary by tenant organization, building ownership, and occupancy type but could include these: • Providing financial incentives for commuting via bicycle. • Instituting a "free ride home" program for bicycle riders who need to work unexpected hours. • Promoting the use of a bicycle to the communityby providing information on safe bike routes, locations of secure bicycle parking, lockers, showers, etc. • Providing discounts on bicycle accessories and maintenance at local bike shops. • Participating in local or regional transportation planning to ensure that building occupants' needs are considered. Provision of bike lanes and paths along corridors leading to the project can significantly influence ridership levels. • Establishing a method for tracking bicycle ridership. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:ffivww.usgbc.orgeprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Bicycle Coalition of Maine, An Employer's Guide to Encouraging Bicycle Commuting limxtivnvw.bikemaine.org p iernloyer.htm Thiswebsite from the Bicycle Coalition of Maine, this site suggests ways to encourage and facilitate bicycle commuting to employees. Commuting Guide for Employers Thiswebsite outlines strategies employers can use as they try to encourage employees to commute by bicycle. Federal Highway Administration, Office of Human and Natural Environment, Bicycle & Pedestrian Program http://www.fhwa.dot.gp_vienvironmentibikeped This program of the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Human and Natural Environment promotes access to and use and safety of bicycle and pedestrian transportation. Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center http://vnvw.bicyclinginfo.org The Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center provides information and resources for issues related to bicycle commuting, including health and safety, engineering, advocacy, education, and facilities. Information and links for bicycle parking issues can be found at http://www.bicyclinginfo. orgfengineering/parking.cfm. U.S. EPA and Department of Transportation, Best Workplaces for Commuters http://ww.bestworkplaces.orgfindex.htm Now managed by the Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida, this program publicly recognizes employers who have exemplary commuter benefits programs. It provides tools, guidance, and promotions to help employers give commuter benefits, reap the financial gains, and achieve national recognition. SS CI Credit 3.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 89 EFTA00281628

SS CI Credit 3.2 U.S. EPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality http:(/www.epa EPA's website provides information about the types and effects of air pollution associated with automobile use and links to resources for organizations interested in promoting commuter-choice programs. 13. Definitions Bicycle racks, in LEED, include outdoor bicycle racks, bicycle lockers, and indoor bicycle storage rooms. Full-time equivalent (FTE) represents a regular building occupant who spends 40 hours per week in the project building. Part-time or overtime occupants have FTE values based on their hours per week divided by 40. Multiple shifts are included or excluded depending on the intent and requirements of the credit. Secure bicycle storage is an internal or external space that keeps bicycles safe from theft. It may include lockers and storage rooms. Transient users are occupants who do not use a facility on a consistent, regular, daily basis. Examples include students in higher education settings, customers in retail settings, and visitors in institutional settings. 90 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281629

ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION-PARKING AVAILABILITY Credit SS Credit 3.3 Points 2 point Intent To reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use. Requirements CASE 1. Projects with an Area Less Than 75% of the Total Building Area OPTION 1 Parking spaces provided to tenant must meet but not exceed minimum numberrequired by local zoning regulations. Preferred parking' must be provided for carpools or vanpools capable of serving 596 or more of tenant occupants. OR OPTION 2 No parking is provided or subsidized for tenant occupants. CASE 2. Projects with an Area 75% or More of the Total Building Area OPTION 1 Parking capacity must meet but not exceed minimum local zoning requirements. Preferred parking must be provided for carpools or vanpools, capable of serving 596 of the building occupants. OR OPTION 2 No new parking is added for rehabilitation projects. Preferred parking must be provided for carpools or vanpools, capable of serving 596 of the building occupants. SS CREDIT 3.3 It I 2009 EDITION LEER REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 91 EFTA00281630

SS CI Credit 33 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Reducing private automobile use saves energy and avoids associated environmental problems, such as vehicle emissions that contribute to smog, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the environmental impacts associated with oil extraction and petroleum refining. The environmental benefits of carpooling are significant. For example, me people who carpooled (2 people per car) to miles to work and to miles home instead of driving separately would prevent emissions of about 970 pounds of carbon dioxide per day and would save about so gallons of gas per day!' Parking facilities also have negative impacts on the environment because asphalt surfaces increase stormwater runoff and contribute to urban heat island effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and promoting carpooling, project teams can reduce these effects and provide such benefits as more green space. Economic Issues Carpooling reduces the size of parking areas needed to support building occupants, allowing the building to accommodate more occupants without enlarging the parking area. Carpooling also helps reduce building costs, since less land is needed for parking and less infrastructure is needed to support vehicles. Smaller parking areas can decrease the amount of impervious surfaces on a site. This may result in reduced stormwater costs if the local utility bases its fees on impervious surface area. Moreover, because fewer cars on the road means less pollution, traffic congestion, and wear and tear to roadways, many municipalities and state governments offer tax incentives for carpooling programs. 2. Related Credits There are no related credits. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Limit the availability of parking to encourage the use of alternative forms of transportation to and from the site. Real estate brokers can help identifybuildingswith easy access to public transportation and construct lease agreements so that the number of parking spaces guaranteed to tenants does not exceed minimums established by local zoning regulations. Research the parking requirements for the local zoning ordinances before completing lease negotiations. Determine the minimum numberofspaces required bythe code for the project's actual area and use building types and multipliers. For example, 20,000 square feet of offices requires too spaces, andso,000 square feet of warehouses requires so spaces, etc. Confirm that the lease does not guarantee more spaces than the calculation requirement. The criteria for "guaranteed" includes the following items: ■ Assigned spaces reserved only for the tenant's use, including tenant's guests. ■ The portion ofa restricted parking area reserved for the tenant's use (i.e.,the number of access cards issued to tenant). "Guaranteed" does not require that the payment for parking be included in the lease. When the tenant organization makes separate payments (e.g., for parking that is a concession of the building or at another facility), the applicant must demonstrate that the spaces reserved for the occupants are fewer than the calculated requirement. 92 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281631

This credit also requires the provision of preferred parking spaces for carpools to serve 596 of the occupants. Projects have met the credit requirements if they locate in a LEED-certified building that has also achieved this credit. 5. Timeline and Team Discussions regarding the reduction of parking capacity are often most productive at the project concept phase. This may entail discussions with zoning and civic officials and could include community and neighborhood organizations. A traffic study can be a valuable tool for evaluating traffic patterns and expected commuting in single-occupancy vehicles. Projects may require an additional team member, possibly a specialist or consultant, to develop this traffic study. Because of their size or location or because of regulatory requirements, many projects may entail zoning negotiations over the parking requirements. Planned developments mayhave unique parking requirements; project teams must consider these as part of overall alternative transportation strategies. Design solutions to reduce parking capacity for the project site should be incorporated during the schematic design and design development phases. The architect, design team, and project owner should coordinate decision making to choose the most appropriate approach for future occupants. 6. Calculations For projects providing designated preferred parking for carpools or van pools, calculate the number of required preferred parking spaces using the steps below. STEP 1 Calculate the FTE tenant occupants based on a standard 8-hour occupancy period. An 8-hour occupant has an FTE value of in, while a part-time occupant has a FTE value based on her/ his hours per day divided by 8 (see Equation 1). FTE calculations for the project must be used consistently for all LEED credits. In buildings with multiple shifts, use only the highest volume shift in the calculation, but consider shift overlap when determining peak building users. Equation 1. FTE Staff Occupants Total FTE Staff Occupants = Total Staff Occupant Hours a STEP 2 Use Equation 2 to determine the required number of preferred parking spaces. Equation z assumes that all such spaces are for carpools (serving 2 occupants per vehicle). If carpools are known to serve more riders per car or ifvan pools achieve the same end, the outcome may be adjusted to reflect the increased volume of tenants served per space. In all cases, fractions of a space must be rounded up. Equation 2 Required Spaces = FTE Occupants X .05 2 SS CI Credit 3.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 93 EFTA00281632

SS CI Credit 33 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ For projects providing designated preferred parking for carpool or vanpool users, develop a site plan showing parking spaces for tenants and the location and quantity of preferred spaces. ■ Provide adequate communication to occupants about the location and purpose of preferred parking spaces. ■ Assemble informationabout parkingprovided to the tenant space as well aszoning regulations and lease agreements, if applicable. 8. Examples Haller Industries occupies so% of a building and has too full-time and 50 part-time employees. The total FTE occupants value isms (Table t). Table 1. Sample FTE Calculation Full-Time Staff Pad-Time Staff Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Staff Old (hr) 100 8 50 0 125 The required number of preferred parking spaces for carpools or vanpools, based on Equation nand rounding up, is 4. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn an innovation credit for exemplary performance by instituting a comprehensive transportation management planthat demonstrates a quantifiable reduction in personalautomobile use by providing multiple transportation alternatives. Only t exemplary performance credit is available for implementing a comprehensive transportation management plan for any of the SS Credit 3,Altemative Transportation, credits. Projects that are awarded exemplary performance for SS Credit 3.1, Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access, using the double transit ridership option are not eligible for exemplary performance under this credit. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations For project buildings that include preferred parking, establish procedures for the use of this amenity, communicate them to building occupants, and assign operations staff for their administration. The procedures might include establishing a system for enforcing use of designated spaces (e.g, a permitting system), discounting paid parking, and tracking use of preferred parking. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpWwww.usgbc.orgipL-ojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 94 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281633

Websites Association for Commuter Transportation (ACT) http:fiww.actweb.org/mcipage.do ACT is an association of professionals who specialize in creating a more workable transportation and commuting system. ACT provides information and advocacy on transportation issues involving commute alternatives and offers its members networking and professional development opportunities. Research Triangle Park, Smart Commute http://www.smartcommute.org Smart Commute has valuable information about telecommuting and carpool programs useful for any organization. State of Arizona Telecommuting Program This website provides background information on the significance of telecommuting and examples of the development, implementation, and results of telecommuting programs. Teletrips Teletrips helps create, implement, and manage public-private partnership programs to reduce commuter congestion, improve air quality, and reduce energy consumption. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Online Transportation Demand Management Encyclopedia http://www.vtpi.org/tdm Transportation demand management is a general term for strategies that result in more efficient use of transportation resources. This online encyclopedia is a comprehensive source of information about innovative management solutions to transportation problems. 13. Definitions A carpool is an arrangement by which 2. or more people share a vehicle for transportation. Parking subsidies are the costs of providing occupant parking that are not recovered in parking fees. Preferred parking, available to particular users, includes designated spaces close to the building (aside from designated handicapped spots), designated covered spaces, discounted parking passes, and guaranteed passes in a lottery system. Endnotes U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "Heat Island Effect." http://www.epa.govjheatislandf index.htm (accessed November 2°08). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. Water-Efficient Landscaping. 2002. http:// www.epa.gov/owm/water-efficiency/final_final.pdf (accessed January zoos). Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. "Water Efficiency and Management for Commercial Buildings." http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/o4water/html/bullet4htm (accessed May2008). U.S. Census Bureau. "2006 American Community Survey: Selected Economic Characteristics." http://factfinder.census.goviservlet/ADPTable?_bm=y8c-qr_name=ACS_20o6_EST_Goo_DP38:- geo id=ot0o0US&-context=adp&-ds name=&-tree id=3os8c- lang=en&-redoLog=false&- format (accessed May2008). SS CI Credit 3.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 95 EFTA00281634

SS 5 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy "Figure 6.1.1 Building Share of U.S. Electricity Consumption/Sales (Percent)." 2008 Buildings Energy Data Book. 2008. http://www.btscoredatabook.net/TableView.aspx?table=6.1.1 (accessed November 2008). • Energy Information Administration. Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2008. 2008. http:// www.eia.doe.govfoiaf/aeofassumption/ (accessed November2008). Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Nlaupin. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. U.S. Geological Survey, 2004. http:// pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2.004/circ1268/ (accessed November 2.008). • http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/about.htm. 9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Reducing Stormwa ter Costs through Low Impact Development (LID) Strategies and Practices. 2007. v‘ww.epa.goviowow/nps/lid/costs.97/factsheet. html (accessed May 2008). 1" Ibid. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "Heat Island Effect." http://www.epa.gov/heat island/ index.htm (accessed May 2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "Heat Island Effect: Urban Heat Island Pilot Project (UHIPP)." www.epa.gov/hiri/pilot/index.html (accessed May 2008). '3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "Heat Island Effect: Basic Information." http://www.epa. gov/hiri/about/index.html (accessed November 2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "Heat Island Effect: Basic Information." http://www.epa. gov/hiri/about/index.html (accessed November 2008). is Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Pollution Prevention Assistance Division. "The Sustainable Office Toolkit." http://mvw.p2adeorg/toolkitimodules_A_Lhtml (accessed May 2008). 'S U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. 'Wastes—Resource Conservation— Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—Construction & Demolition Materials." http://www.epa.gov/osw/ conserverr/imr/cdm/ (accessed November2008). American Public Transportation Association. " Use of Public Transportation by One in Ten Americans Would Lead to Cleaner Air and Reduce U.S. Oil Dependency by 40 Percent." APTA News Release (July 17, 2002), (accessed November2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Emission Facts: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle. 2005. http://www.epa.goviotaq/climate/420foso04.htm (accessed November 2008). 96 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281635

EFFEDEMF Overview Americans'consumptionofthepublicwater supplycontinues to increase. The U.S.Geological Survey estimates that between 1990 and 2000, this consumption increased 12%, to 43.3 billion gallons per day.' The public water supply is delivered to users for domestic, commercial, industrial, and other purposes and is the primary source of water for most buildings. In 2000, these uses represented about 11% of total withdrawals and slightly less than 40% of groundwater withdrawals, constituting the third-largest category of water use in the United States, behind thermoelectric power (48% of total withdrawals) and irrigation (34% oftotal withdrawals). This high demand for water is straining supplies, and in some parts of the United States, water levels in underground aquifers have dropped more than 150 feet since the 1940s! Only about 14% of withdrawn water is lost to evaporation or transpiration or incorporated into products or crops; the rest is used, treated, and discharged to the nation's water bodies.3Discharged water contaminates rivers, lakes, and potable water with bacteria, nitrogen, toxic metals, and other contaminants. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 1/3 of the nation's lakes, streams, and rivers are now unsafe for swimming and fishing" Even so, water bodies in the United States are so% cleaner& today than in the mid-1970s. And although consumption is rising, total U.S. withdrawals from the public water supply declined by nearly 9% between 1980 and 1985 and have varied by less than 3% for each 5-year interval since then? Those achievements can be largely attributed to the Clean Water Act and reductions in industrial, irrigation, and thermoelectric power withdrawals since 1980. Although the statistics show improvement, we are still far from sustainably using water. If total commercial building water consumption for all uses in the United States fell by just 10%, we could save more than 2 trillion gallons of water each year, Using large volumes of water increases maintenance and life-cycle costs for building operations and also increases consumers' costs for additional municipal supply and treatment facilities. Conversely, buildings that use water efficiently can reduce costs through lower fees, less sewage volume, reductions in energy and chemical use, and lower capacity charges and limits. Efficiency measures can easily reduce water use in average commercial buildings by 30% or more.° In a typical 100,000-square-foot office building, low-flow plumbing fixtures coupled with sensors and automatic controls will save a minimum of 1 million gallons of water per year.1O In addition, nonpotable water can be used for landscape irrigation, toilet and urinal flushing, custodial purposes, and building systems. Depending on local water costs, utility savings can be tens of thousands of dollars per year. Real estate firm Cushman and Wakefield, for example, implemented a comprehensive water management strategy at its Adobe headquarters in San Jose, California, in 2002 and achieved a 22% reduction in water use." The LEED for Commercial Interiors Water Efficiency (WE) prerequisite and credit encourage the use of strategies and technologies that reduce the amount of potable water consumed in buildings. Many water conservation strategies are no-cost or provide a rapid payback. Some, such as biological wastewater treatment systems and graywater plumbing systems, require more substantial investment and are cost-effective only under certain building and site conditions. The WE prerequisite and credit address environmental concerns related to building water use and disposal and promote the following measures: WE OVERVIEW 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 97 EFTA00281636

WE OVERVIEW Monitoring Water Consumption Performance The first step to improving water efficiency is to understand current performance. Tracking water use alongside energy use can help organizations better understand how these resources relate to each other, make integrated management decisions that increase overall efficiency, and verify savings from improvement projects in both energy and water systems. Organizations that manage water and energy performance together can take advantage of this relationship to create greener, more sustainable buildings. Reducing Indoor Potable Water Consumption Reducing indoor potable water consumption may require using alternative water sources for nonpotable applications and installing building upgrades, such as water-efficient fixtures, flow restrictors on existing fixtures, electronic controls, dry composting toilet systems, and waterless urinals. Lowering potable water use for toilets, showerheads, faucets, and other fixtures can reduce the total amount withdrawn from natural water bodies. A commercial building in Boston replaced 12,6 3.5-gallons-per-flush (gpf) toilets with low-flow, 1.6-gpf toilets and reduced total water use by 15%. With an initial cost of $32,000 and estimated annual savings of $22,800, payback for the renovation was 1.4 years. Another Boston building installed 30 faucet aerators and reduced annual indoor water consumption by t90,000 gallons. The cost of the materials and labor totaled $300, and the change is estimated to save $1,250 per year, with a simple payback of 2 months." Reducing Water Consumption to Save Energy and Improve Environmental Well-Being In manybuildings, the most significant savings associated with water efficiency result from reduced energy costs. Water efficiency cuts costs by reducing the amount of water that must be treated, heated, cooled, and distributed—all of which require energy. Because water heating in commercial buildings accounts for nearly 15% of total building energy use," the efficient use of hot water results in significant energy savings. For this reason, water conservation that reduces the use of hot water also conserves energy and reduces energy-related pollution. For example, U.S. government office buildings use an estimated 244 billion to 256 billion gallons of water each year. Approximately 138.3 billion Btus of energy is required to process this water annually, 98% of which is used to heat water. By implementing water-efficiency efforts, federal buildings could conserve approximately 40% of their total water consumption and reduce related energy use by approximately 81.3z billion Btus per year!. Practicing water conservation measures can also help improve both environmental and human well- being. A recent government survey showed that at least 36 states are anticipating local, regional, or statewide water shortages by zos3.'s Human health and environmental welfare are affected when reservoirs and groundwater aquifers are depleted, since lower water levels can concentrate both natural contaminants, such as radon and arsenic, and human pollutants, such as agricultural and chemical wastes. Increasing water efficiency helps keep contaminants at safe levels. Waterefficiencyalso reducesenergyconsumption inthewatersupplyandwastewater infrastructure. American public water supply and treatment facilities consume about 56 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) each year"—enough electricity to power more than 5 million homes for an entire year." Better water efficiency in commercial buildings will reduce the amount of energy consumed by water treatment facilities. CREDIT TITLE WE Prerequisite 1 WE Credit 1 Water Use Reduction Water Use Reduction 98 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281637

WATER USE REDUCTION Prerequisite WE Prerequisite 1 Points Required Intent To increase water efficiency within buildings to reduce the burden on municipal water supply and wastewater systems. Requirements Employ strategies that in aggregate use zo% less water than the water use baseline calculated for the building (not including irrigation). Calculate the baseline according to the commercial and/or residential baselines outlined below.' Calculations are based on estimated occupant usage and must include only the following fixtures and fixture fittings (as applicable to the project scope): water closets, urinals, lavatory faucets, showers, kitchen sink faucets and prerinse spray valves. Commercial Fixtures, Fittings, and Appliances Current Baseline Commercial toilets 1.6 gallons per flush (gpfr Except blow-out fixtures: 3.5 (gpf) Commercial urinals 1.0 (gpf) Commercial lavatory (restroom) faucets 2.2 gallons per minute (gpm) at 60 pounds per square inch (psi), private applications only (hotel or motel guest rooms, hospital patient rooms) 0.5 (gpm) at 60 (psi)** all others except private applications 0.25 gallons per cycle for metering faucets Commercial prerinse spray valves (for food service applications) Flow rates 1.6 (gpm) (no pressure specified: no performance requirement) Residential Fixtures, Fittings, and Appliances Current Baseline Residential toilets 1.6 (gpf)•• • Residential lavatory (bathroom) faucets 2.2 (gpm) at 60 psi Residential kitchen faucet Residential showerheads 2.5 (gpm) at 80 (psi) per shower stall'••• • EPAct 1992 standard foe toilets applies to both commercial " In addition to EPAct requirements. the American Society psi µSME A112.18.1-2005). This maximum has been Pkoribing Code. 4" EPAct 1992 standard foe toilets applies to both commercial "" Residential slims cornstment (stall) in dwelling units: including rain systems, waterfalls, bodysprays, kodyspas above (2.5 gpm) per shower compartment, where the floor each increment of 2,500 square inches o4 floor area thereafter from all flowingdevices equal too less than the allowable recirculated imputable water originating from within the long as the total potable water flow does rot exceed the and residential models. of Mechanical Engineers standard foe public lavatory laurels is 0.5 gpm at 60 incorporated into the national Uniform Plumbing Code and the International and residential models. The total allowable flow rate from all flowing 'boneheads at any given lime. and jets. must be limited to the allowable 'bonehead flow rate as specified ma of the shower compartment is less than 2.500 square nches. Foe or part thereof. an additional 'honchoed with total al losable non rate flow rate as specified above must be allowed. Exception: Shunts that emit shaver compartment while operating are allowed to exceed the rwaumum as flow rate as 'peeled ebony. t Tables adapted from information developed and summarised by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Water based cc requirements of the Emu*. Policy Act (EPAct) c415.92 and subsequent rulings by the Department a Energy, requirements of the EPAct of 2.00 L and the plumbing oat requirements as stated in the 2006 editions of the Uniform Plumbing Code or International Plumbing axle pertaining to fbaure performance. WE PREREQUISITE 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 99 EFTA00281638

WE PREREQUISITE 1 The following fixtures, fittings and appliances are outside the scope of the water use reduction calculation: ■ Commercial Steam Cookers ■ Commercial Dishwashers ■ Automatic Commercial Ice Makers s Commercial (family-sized) Clothes Washers ■ Residential Clothes Washers ■ Standard and Compact Residential Dishwashers 100 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281639

1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Reducing potable water use in buildings for urinals, toilets, showerheads, and faucets decreases the total amount withdrawn from rivers, streams, underground aquifers, and other water bodies. These strategies protect the natural water cycle and save water resources for future generations. In addition, water use reductions, in aggregate, allow municipalities to reduce or defer the capital investment needed for water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure. Conserving municipally supplied potable water also reduces chemical inputs at the water treatment works, as well as reduces energy use and the associated greenhouse gas emissions from treatment and distribution. The energy use and emissions generated to supply municipal water vary greatly across the United States and depend on the utility's water sources, the distance water is transported, and the type of water treatment applied. End-use water efficiency can greatly reduce negative environmental impacts. Comparing the environmental impacts of off-site treatment and supply with those of on-site treatment is a worthwhile exercise. Because water heating in commercial buildings accounts for nearly is% of building energy use," conservation measures will also reduce end-use energy and energy-related pollution. Economic Issues Reductions in water consumption decrease building operating costs and bring about wider economic benefits. Reduced water consumption allows municipalities to lessen or defer the capital investment needed for water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure, thereby leading to more stable municipal taxes and water rates. Many cost-effective systems and fixtures currently on the market support compliance with the requirement,but the cost ofwater efficiency measuresvaries widely. For example, installing tamper- proof faucet aerators on existing fixtures is a small expense compared with a rainwater-harvesting or graywater-recycling system. High-efficiency toilets and dry fixtures, such as composting toilet systems, often have higher initial costs than standard models. Newer technologies may also have higher costs and limited availability because of production constraints, and they may entail different maintenance and repair expenses,such as special cartridge components and cleaning and sealing fluids. Teams should perform a full cost-benefit and life-cycle study before installing such products. 2. Related Credits Efforts to increase rainwater harvesting, increase graywater use, and decrease the demand on local water aquifers may support the following credits: ■ SS Credit 1, Option a, Path a: Site Selection, Stormwater Design—Quantity Control ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Path 3: Site Selection, Stormwater Design—Quality Control ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Paths 7 and 8: Site Selection, Water-Efficient Landscaping ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Path 9: Site Selection—Innovative Wastewater Technologies ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Path 10: Site Selection—Water Use Reduction ■ WE Credit 1: Water Use Reduction Additional energy use may be needed for certain reuse strategies. Active systems also require commissioning, if within the tenant scope of work, and should be considered in relation to the following credits: ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems WE CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 101 EFTA00281640

WE CI • EA Credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning Prerequisite 1 • EA Credit s: Measurement and Verification 3. Summary of Referenced Standards The Energy PolicyAct (EPAct) of 1992 (and as amended) This act addresses energy and water use in commercial, institutional, and residential facilities. The Energy PolicyAct (EPAct) of 2005 This statute became U.S. law in August zoos. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Publication IAPMO/American National Standards Institute UPC 1-2006 Uniform Plumbing Code z006, Section 402.0, Water-Conserving Fixtures and Fittings http:pwww.iapmo.mg UPC defines water-conserving fixtures and fittings for water closets, urinals, and metered faucets. This ANSI-accredited code safeguards life, health, property, and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, installation, materials, location, operation, and maintenance or use of plumbing systems. International Code Council, International Plumbing Code 2006, Section 604, Design of Building Water Distribution System http:(Jwww.iccsafe.org IPC defines maximum flow rates and consumption for plumbing fixtures and fittings, including public and private lavatories, showerheads, sink faucets, urinals, and water closets. 4. Implementation The water use reduction credit calculation is based on occupancy. When restrooms are not a part of the project scope, it is important to evaluate the plumbing in common areas of the building. If the base building does not have high-performance fixtures, the project team should consider requiring upgrades to existing fixtures as part of the lease negotiations. Effective ways to reduce potable water use include installing flow restrictors and reduced flow aerators on lavatory, sink, and shower fixtures; installing and maintaining automatic faucet sensors and metering controls; installing low-consumption flush fixtures, such as high-efficiency water closets and urinals; installing nonwater fixtures. In certain cases, faucets with low-flow rates are not appropriate. For example, in kitchen sinks and janitors' closets, faucets are used to fill pots and buckets. Using a low-flow rate for tasks where the volume of water is predetermined does not save water and will likely cause frustration. Consider alternative strategies to reduce water use, such as installing special-use potfillersandhigh-efficiency faucets or foot pedal-operated faucets. WaterSense, a partnership program sponsored by EPA, helps consumers identify water-efficient products and programs. WaterSense-labeled products exceed the Uniform Plumbing Code and the International Plumbing Code standards for some high-efficiency fixtures or fittings. A variety of WaterSense labeled products and other high-efficiency plumbing fixtures, fittings, and appliances can be installed in the same way as conventional EPAct plumbing fiXtUreS, fittings, and appliances. Although water-efficient dishwashers, laundry machines, and other water-consuming fixtures are not counted in the calculations for this credit, they may be included in exemplary performance calculations for WE Credit 3, Water Use Reduction. To determine the most effective strategies fora particular condition, analyze the water conservation options available to the project based on location, code compliance (plumbing and safety), and 102 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281641

overall project function. Determine where in the building the most water is used, evaluate potential alternative water-saving technologies, and examine the impacts of alternative fixtures and technologies. Compare the design case water use with the calculated EPAct baseline to determine the optimal water savings for plumbing fixtures and fittings.Perform a detailed climate analysis to determine the availability of on-site resources and choose strategies that are appropriate and cost- effective. Table 1. UPC and IPC Standards for Plumbing Fixture Water Use Ildwe UPC and IPC Standards EPA WaterSense Standards Water closets (gallons per flush. gp0 1.60 1.28 Urinals (gpf) 1.00 0.5, Showerheads (gallons per minute. gpm*) 2.50 1.5-2.01 Public lavatory faucets and aerators (gpm') 0.5 Private lavatory faucets and aerators (gpm'') 2.2 1.5 Public metering lavatory faucets (gallons per metering cycle) 0.25 Kitchen and janitor sink faucets 2.20 Metering faucets (gallons per cycle) 0.25 *When measured al a honing water premise of 80 pounds per square irch (pso). "When measured al a Datong water premise of 60 pounds per square irch (pso). • On May 22. 2008. EPA issued a notification of intent to develop a specification for high efficiency urinals. WaterSense anticipates establishing a maximum allowable gush volume of 0.5 gpf. ' On August 30. 2007. EPA issued a notification of intent to develop a specification for shomerheads. WaterSense anticipates establishing a single maximum gm rate between 1.5 gum and 2.0 pip. Some water-saving technologies affect on-site energy performance and require commissioning• this task should be addressed by a project's measurement and verification plan. Calibration is necessary for projects using automatic sensors or flow valves. See EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems, and EA Credit s, Measurement and Verification, for more information. Space constraints or characteristics of the plumbing fixtures and fittings in existing buildings may hinder water efficiency efforts. 5. Timeline and Team During predesign, setting water-use goals and strategy involves the owner, architect, and engineers. Identify local water utilities and governing authorities, research codes and applicable water laws, learn the process for obtaining permits and approval, and set water use goals and strategy. In construction documents, the architect, working with the owner, should specify efficient fixtures and appliances and complete LEED calculations and documentation. During construction, the design team and owner should confirm proper selection, installation, and operation of water fixtures, fittings, and systems. 6. Calculations The following section describes the calculation methodology for determining water savings. The calculated water use reduction for the project is the difference between the calculated design case and a baseline case. The percentage is determined by dividing the design case use by the baseline use. The methodology differs from traditional plumbing design, in which calculations are based on fixture counts; under this prerequisite, the water use calculation is based on fixture and fitting water consumption rates and estimated use by the occupants. Occupants' estimated use is determined by calculating full-time equivalent (FTE) and transient occupants within the tenant space and applying appropriate fixture use rates to each. WE CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 103 EFTA00281642

WE CI Prerequisite 1 Fixture Usage Groups Fixture usage groups are subsets of washroom facilities used by different types of occupants. For each group, complete the template calculator. Indicate which fixtures are involved and which occupants they serve. If all occupants within the building have access to all fixtures, or if all fixtures are standard throughout the building, enter only a single fixture usage group. That is the simpler approach, but the project team may specify multiple groups to reflect different fixtures and usage patterns. Forexample,ifwashrooms onthefirst floor are used primarilybytransient retail customers and washrooms on the second floor are used by office workers, calculate each separately. The following scenario illustrates the application of different fixture usage groups. In a retail store, employees use back-of-house restrooms exclusively; these restrooms have different fixture and fitting types and water consumption rates from those in the customer restrooms. The project team establishes a usage groups to account for the distinct populations in the space and the specific restroom facilities they use: (t) back-of-house (employees), and (a) customer restrooms (customers). Calculating Occupancy Identify the number of building occupants by occupancy type. In buildings with multiple shifts, use the number of FTEs from all shifts. Include the following: ■ Full-time staff ■ Part-time staff ■ Transients (students, visitors, retail customers) Calculate the FTE number of occupants based on a standard 8-hour daily occupancy period (40 hours per week). An 8-hour occupant has an FTE value of 1.0, and part-time occupants have an FTE value based on theirhours per daydivided by 8. FTE calculations for each shift ofthe project must be used consistently for all LEED credits. Estimate the transient building occupants, such as students, visitors, and customers. Transient occupants can be reported as either daily totals or full-time equivalents. When using daily totals for transients, match the fixture uses for each occupancy type with the values shown in Table a (e.g., for the dailytotal of students, assume 0.5 lavatory faucet uses per daily student visitor). If transients are reported as a daily hill-time equivalent value, fixture uses for FTEs must be assumed regardless of the transient population's identity (e.g.,for students reported as FTEs, assume 3 lavatory faucet uses per student FTE). Use a transient occupancy number that is a representative daily average over the course of a year. If the number of transient visitors per day for retail facilities is unknown, estimate the FTE value of this population based on the default values presented in Table 3. Table 2 provides default fixture use values for different occupancy types. These values should be used in the calculations for this credit unless special circumstances warrant modifications. Most buildings with students, visitors, and retail customers will also have FTE occupants. Half of all students and visitors are assumed to use a flush fixture and a lavatory faucet in the building and are not expected to use a shower or kitchen sink. A fifth of retail customers are assumed to use a flush and a flow fixture in the buildingand no shower orldtchen sink. The default for residential occupants is s uses per day of water closet and lavatory faucet, t shower, and 4 kitchen sink uses. For consistency across LEED projects, the calculations require the use of a balanced, t-to-t sex ratio unless specific project conditions warrant an alternative. Provide a narrative description to explain any special circumstances. 104 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281643

Table 2. Default Fixture Uses, by Occupancy Type Mims Tips FTE StudentNisitor Retail Customer Resident UsesMay Water Closet — Female 3 0.5 0.2 5 —Male 1 0.1 0.1 5 Urinal — Female 0 0 0 Ma — Male 2 0.4 0.1 n/a Lavatory Faucet — duration 15 sec; 12 sec with autocontrol — residential, duration 60 sec 3 0.5 0.2 5 Shower — duration 300 sec — residential, duration 480 sec 0.1 0 0 1 Kitchen Sink, — duration 15 sec — residential, duration 60 sec 1 Na 0 n/a 0 Na n/a 4 Table 3. Default Values for Transient Retail Occupants Retell Space FTE per 100 (sf) Large-format retailer (greater than 50,000 square feet) 0.91 Grocery store 0.87 Restaurant 1.05 Small retailer 0.67 Service 0.77 Sources: 2001 Uniform Building Code. 2004-2005 Database for nagy Efficiency Resources (DEER) Update Studs field investigation vxrk performed by LEED Retail Core Committee Members: ASNUPSIIRADIESNA 90.1-2007: LEED Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction. 2009 Edition. Design Case Water Consumption The design case annual water use is determined by totaling the annual volume of each fixture type and subtracting any nonpotable water supply. The design case must use the rated flow rates and flush volumes for installed plumbing fixtures and fittings. Obtain water consumption data from the manufacturers' product literature. In addition to the typical fixtures shown in Table 4, the project team may add others regulated by the referenced standards, as applicable. WE CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 105 EFTA00281644

WE CI Prerequisite 1 Table 4. Sample Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings and Water Consumption Ruth Fixture Flow Rate (gpf) Flow Finite Flow Rate Conventional water closet 1.6 Conventional private lavatory 2.2 gpm High-efficiency toilet (HET). single-flush gravity 1.28 Conventional public lavatory 0.5 gpm or s 0.25 gpc HET, single-flush pressure assist 1.0 Conventional kitchen sink 2.2 gpm HET, dual flush (full-flush) 1.6 Low-flow kitchen sink 1.8 gpm HET, dual flush (lax-flush) 1.1 Conventional shower 2.5 gpm HET, foam flush 0.05 Low-flow shower 1.8 gpm Nonwater toilet 0.0 Conventional urinal 1.0 High-efficiency urinal (HEW 0.5 Nonwater urinal 0.0 Facilities in residences and apartments, private bathrooms in hotels and hospitals, and restrooms in commercial establishments where the fixtures are intended for the use of a family or an individual are considered private orprivate-use facilities.All other facilities are considered public or publicuse. If the classification for public or private use is unclear, default to public-use flow rates in performing the calculations associated with this credit. Baseline Case Water Consumption Thebaseline case annualwateruse is determinedbysetting thefixture and fittingwaterconsumption to baseline rates listed in the requirements (as opposed to actual installed values in the design case). Eligible Fixtures This prerequisite is limited to savings generated by the water-using fixtures listed in Table 1. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Determine the type and number of occupants. • Retain manufacturers' data showing the water consumption rates, manufacturer, and model of each fixture and fitting. • List plumbing fixtures by usage group, if applicable. • Define each usage group used. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This prerequisite is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Local building and health codes differ in their treatment of alternative plumbing fixtures, such as nonwater urinals, dual-flush or low-flow water closets, and nonwater toilet systems. Confirm the legality of nontraditional approaches with code officials before committing to specific water-saving strategies. 106 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281645

11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Consider installing submetering for water delivered to fixture and fittings to help operators manage water consumption and identify problems within the system. Integrating electronic data logging will facilitate consumption trend analysis. Some water conservation technologies may require special cleaning or maintenance procedures. For example, nonwater urinals generally need to be cleaned according to the manufacturer's specifications and their chemical traps appropriately maintained. Project teams should provide facility managers with appropriate maintenance information, manufacturers' contact information, and product specifications to facilitate proper operation. A preventive maintenance program that includes plumbing fixture and fitting inspection and testing ensures that flow valves do not leak and that any sensors are calibrated correctly so that the fixtures flush and/or flow the appropriate amounts at the proper time. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association http://www.arcsa.org ARCSA was founded to promote rainwater catchment systems in the U.S. The ARCSA website includes a compilation of publications such as the Texas Guide to Rainwater Harvesting. American Water Works Association, Water Wiser: The Water Efficiency Clearinghouse http://www.awwa.org/waterwiser%ao This web clearinghouse provides articles, reference materials, and papers on all forms of water efficiency. Environmental Building News,Water: Doing More with Less The site presents an article on building water efficiency. Fine Homelmilding, Choosing a Toilet This article includes several varieties of water-efficient toilets. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center http://ww.ncdc.noaa.govioa/ncdc.html This site is useful for researching local climate data such as rainfall amounts. It also includes links to state climate offices. North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance, Water Efficiency Manual for Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Facilities http://wwwpipays.orgrreficd/00692.pdf This straightforward manual on water efficiency draws from a number of different North Carolina governmental departments. Rocky Mountain Institute, Water http://www.rmi.org/sitepagesipidi 2.8.php This portion of RMI's website is devoted to water conservation and efficiency. The site contains information on watershed management and commercial, industrial, and institutional water use and articles on policy and implementation. WE CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 107 EFTA00281646

WE CI Prerequisite 1 Terry Love's Consumer Toilet Reports This Website offers a plumber's perspective on many of the major toilets used in commercial and residential applications. U.S. Department of Energy, Smart Communities Network http://ww.smartcommunities.ncat.org This project website provides information about water efficiency, national and regional water efficiency assistance programs, and links to additional resources. U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Measurement Manual: A Water Resources Technical Publication httpWwww.usbr.sovipmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm This publication is a guide to effective water measurement practices for better water management. U.S. EPA, How to Conserve Water and Use It Effectively http://wv.epa.gov/OWOWInps]chap3.html This document guides commercial, industrial, and residential water users in saving water and reducing sewage volumes. U.S. EPA, WaterSense http://wmvepa.goviwatersense The WaterSense Program helps U.S. consumers save water and protect the environment. Look for the WaterSense label to help choose high-quality, water-efficient products. Avariety of products are available, and they do not require a change in lifestyle. U.S. EPA, Water Use Efficiency Program http://wmvemgoviowmfwater-efficiency This website provides an overview of the program and information about using water more efficiently. Water Closet Performance Testing This site provides a reports on independent test results for a variety of toilets' flush performance and reliability. Print Media Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat: 17 Case Studies, PIMA fre --93-005 (U.S. SPA,1993). On-site Wastewater Treahnent Systems Manual (U.S. EPA, =02): bktp:fiwww.epnovinrmr1/ pubs/6acrocoofghtml/62AR00008.htm. This document provides a focused, performance-based approach to on-site wastewater treatment and system management aswell as valuable information on a varietyof on-site sewage treatment options. Water, Sanitary and Waste Services for Buildings, fifth edition, by A. Wise and J. Swaffield (Longman Scientific & Technical, t995). 13. Definitions An aquifer is an underground water-bearing rock formation or group of formations that supply groundwater, wells, or springs. Automatic fixture sensors are motion detectors that automatically turn on and turn off lavatories, sinks, water closets, and urinals. Sensors can be hard wired or battery operated. 108 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281647

Blackwater definitions vary, but wastewater from toilets and urinals is always considered blackwater. Wastewater from kitchen sinks (perhaps differentiated by the use of a garbage disposal), showers, or bathtubs is considered blacicwater under some state or local codes. Composting toilet system. See nonwater toilet system. Metering controls limit the flow time of water. They are generally manual-on and automatic-off devices, most commonly installed on lavatory faucets and showers. Nonpotable water. See potable water. Nonwater (or composting) toilet systems are dry plumbing fixtures and fittings that contain and treat human waste via microbiological processes. A nonwater (or dry) urinal, replaces a water flush with a trap containing a layer of buoyant liquid that floats above the urine, blocking sewer gas and odors. On-site wastewater treatment is the transport,storage,treatment,and disposal ofwastewater generated on the project site. Potable water meets or exceeds EPA's drinking water quality standards and is approved for human consumption by the state or local authorities having jurisdiction; it may be supplied from wells or municipal water systems. WE CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 109 EFTA00281648

110 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281649

WATER USE REDUCTION Credit WE Credit 1 Points 6-11 points Intent To further increase water efficiency within buildings to reduce the burden on municipal water supply and wastewater systems. Requirements Employ strategies that in aggregate use less water than the water use baseline calculated for the building (not including irrigation). The minimum water savings percentage for each point threshold is as follows: Percentage Reduction Points 30% 6 35% 8 40% 11 Calculate the baseline according to the commercial and/or residential baselines outlined below.' Calculations are based on estimated occupant usage and must include only the following fixtures and fixture fittings (as applicable to the project scope): water closets, urinals, lavatory faucets, showers, kitchen sink faucets and pre-rinse spray valves. Commercial Fixtures. Fittings, and Appliances Current Baseline Commercial toilets 1.6 gallons per flush (CPO. Except blow-cut fixtures: 3.5 (gpf) Commercial urinals 1.0 (gpf) Commercial lavatory (restroom) faucets 2.2 gallons per minute (gpm) at 60 pounds per square inch (psi). private applications only (hotel cc motel guest rooms, hospital patient rooms) 0.5 (gpm) at 60 (psi)" all others except private applications 0.25 gallons per cycle for metering faucets Commercial prerinse spray valves (for food service applications) Flow rates 1.6 (gpm) (no pressure specified; no performance requirement) Residential Fixtures, Fittings, and Appliances Current Baseline Residential toilets 1.6 fgpfr • • Residential lavatory (bathroom) faucets 2.2 (gpm) at 60 psi Residential kitchen faucet Residential showerheads 2.5 (gpm) at 80 (psi) per shower stall••••• ' EPAct 1992 standard for toilets applies to both commercial and residential models. " In addition to EPAct requirements, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard for public lavatory faucets is 0.5 gpm at 60 psi (ASME A112.18.1.2005). This maximum by been incorporated into the national Uniform Plumbing Cede and the International Plumbing Code. "' EPAct 1992 standard for toilets applies to both commercial and residential models. "" Residential shower compartment (stall) in dwelling units The total allowable flow rate from all having showerheads at any given lime. including rain systems. waterfalls, be4ysprays, bodyspas and jets. must be limited to the allowable showerhead flow rate as specified above 12.5 gm) per shower compartment, where the floor area of the shown compartment is less than 2.503 square inches. Fe, each increment of 2.500 square inches of floor area thereafter or part thereof. an additional slxwierhead with total allowable flow rate from all Cowing devices equal to than the allowable flew rate as specified abort must be allowed. Exception: Showers that emit recirculated nonpotabk water originating from within the skeet compartment while operating are allowed to exceed the maernum as long as the total potable water flow don rot <Acted the flow rate as specified above. I Tabby, Ebb reed from irdorm3t tE I:: E. tired by the ITES rnyi tenment41 Pre,. AtEetwt• 'EPEI of Watt, WE CREDIT 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 111 EFTA00281650

WE CREDIT 1 The following fixtures, fittings and appliances are outside the scope of the water use reduction calculation: ■ Commercial Steam Cookers ■ Commercial Dishwashers ■ Automatic Commercial Ice Makers ■ Commercial (family-sized) Clothes Washers ■ Residential Clothes Washers ■ Standard and Compact Residential Dishwashers 112 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281651

1. Benefits and Issues to Consider See the Benefits and Issues section in WE Prerequisite 1. 2. Related Credits See the Related Credits section in WE Prerequisite t. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards Seethe Referenced Standards section in WE Prerequisite t 4. Implementation See the Implementation section in WE Prerequisite t. 5. Timeline and Team See the Timeline and Team section in WE Prerequisite t. 6. Calculations See the Calculations section in WE Prerequisite 1. 7. Documentation Guidance See the Documentation Guidance section in WE Prerequisite t. 8. Examples See the Examples section in WE Prerequisite t. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn an innovation point for exemplary performance by demonstrating 45% reduction in projected potable water use. 10. Regional Variations See the Regional Variations section in WE Prerequisite 1. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations See the Operations and Maintenance section in WE Prerequisite t. 12. Resources See the Operations and Maintenance section in WE Prerequisite 1. 13. Definitions See the Definitions section in WE Prerequisite 1. Endnotes ' Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. U.S. Geological Survey, 2004 http:// waterusgs.govfpubsicirc/2004/circt268/htdocsftext-trends.html (accessed May 2008). U.S. Geological Survey. "USGS Study Documents Water Level Changes in High Plains Aquifer." U.S. Geological Survey News Release, (February9, 2004). http://www.usgs.govinewsroomiarticle. asp?ID=121 (accessed May 20°8). 3 Solley, Wayne B., Robert R. Pierce, and Howard A. Perlman. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995. U.S. Geological Survey, 1998. http:llwaterusgs.gov/watusefpdf1995fhtml (accessed May 20°8). WE CI Credit 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 113 EFTA00281652

WE 4 5 6 i3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. "List of Drinking Water Contaminants & MCLS.” http:fiwww.epa.govisafewater/mcl.html (accessed May 2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Management. Water Permitting 101. 2002. http:fiwww.epa.gov/npdes/pubshoipape.pdf (accessed May 2008). Ibid. Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. U.S. Geological Survey, 2004 hap:// water.usgs.gov/pubsicirc/2004/circ 1268/htdocsitext-trendshtml (accessed May 2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wastewater Management. Water Permitting 101. 2002. http:fiwww.epa.goWnpdes/pubshoipape.pdf (accessed May 2008). U.S. Green Building Council. "LEED Certified Project List." http:fiwww.usgbc.orgq..EED/Proj act/ CertffiedProjectList.aspx (accessed May 2008). Based on 650 building occupants, each using an average of 20 gallons per day. Knox III, Randy H. Case Study: Adobe's "Greenest Office in America" Sets the Bar for Corporate Environmentalism. U.S. Green Building Council. Sustainability/Articlesfanicle.cgi?USGBC:200707-16.html, (accessed November 2.008). Massachusetts Water Resources Authority "Water Efficiency and Management for Commercial Buildings." http://www.mwra.state.ma.us/04waterihtmlibultem.htm (accessed May 2008). Energy Information Administration. "1999 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey?" Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey httpliwww.eia.doe.govlemeuicbecs/ background.html (accessed May2008). U.S. Department of Energy. "Water Efficiency: Water Efficiency Basics." http://wwwLeere.energy. govifempfwaterfwater_basics.html (accessed May2008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, WaterSense. "Why Water Efficiency?" http://www.epa.govi owmfwater-efficiency/water/why.htm (accessed May 2.008). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, WaterSense. "WaterSense." http://www.epa.govi watersense (accessed May 2008). Ibid. Energy Information Administration, "1999 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey," Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey http:fiwww.eia.doe.govIemeufcbecs, (accessed May 2°08). 114 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281653

UMW MO Law Overview Buildings consume approximately 39% of the energy and 74% of the electricity produced annually in the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.' Generating electricity from fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, negatively affects the environment at each step of production and use, beginning with extraction and transportation, followed by refining and distribution, and ending with consumption. For example, coal mining disrupts natural habitats and can devastate landscapes.Acidic mine drainage degrades regional ecosystems. Coal is rinsed with water,producing billions of gallons of sludge that must be stored in ponds. Mining itself is a dangerous occupation in which accidents and the long-term effects of breathing coal dust can shorten the life spans of coal miners. Electricity is most often generated by burning fossil fuels, whose combustion releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Coal-fired plants accounted for more than half of U.S. electricity generation in 2006.3 Burning coal releases harmful pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dicodde, nitrogen oxides, small particulate; and mercury. Each megawatt of coal-generated electricity releases into the atmosphere an average of 2,249 pounds of carbon dicodde, 13 pounds of sulfur dioxide, and 6 pounds of nitrogen oxides) More than 65% of the sulfur dioxide released into the air, or more than 13 million tons per year, comes from electricity generation, primarily coal-burning generators! Mining, processing, and transporting coal to power plants create additional emissions, including methane vented from the coal during transport. Natural gas, nuclear fission, and hydroelectric generators all have adverse environmental consequences as well. Natural gas is a major source of nitrogen oxide and greenhouse gas emissions. Nuclear power increases the potential for catastrophic accidents and raises significant waste transportation and disposal issues. Hydroelectric generating plants disrupt natural water flows and disturb aquatic habitats. Green buildings address those issues in two ways. First, they reduce the amount of energy required for building operations, and second, they use more benign forms of energy. The better the energy performance of a building, the fewer greenhouse gases are emitted from energy production. Electricity generation using sources other than fossil fuels also reduces the environmental impacts from a building's energy use. Additionally, improved energy performance results in lower operating costs. As global competition for fuels accelerates, the rate of return on energy efficiency measures improves. Energy Performance The energy performance of a commercial interior depends on both its design and that of the base building. Materials, construction methods, building envelope, and water efficiency as well as the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems all play a role in determining how efficiently the building uses energy. The most effective way to optimize energy performance is to use an integrated, whole-building approach. Collaboration among all team members and base building operators, beginning at project inception, is necessary when designing for efficiency. The Energy and Atmosphere (EA) section of the LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Interior Design and Construction promotes three kinds of activities: EA OVERVIEW 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 115 EFTA00281654

EA OVERVIEW Tracking Building Energy Performance—Design, Commissioning, Monitoring Projects that achieve any level of certification must at a minimum perform better than the average building. Specific levels of achievement beyond the minimum are awarded a proportional number of points. First, the commercial interior must be designed to operate at a high performance level. Next, it must be commissioned to ensure that the chosen systems are performing to meet the design intent. Third, a process for ongoing measurement and verification should be established to ensure continual,high-performance of tenant-operated energy systems. The design of new facility space must be based on the designated mandatory and prescriptive requirements of ASHRAE 9O.1-2OO7 or USGBC-approved local code, whichever is more stringent. In addition, optimization of building energy performance beyond ASHRAE 90.1-2007 is required in EA Prerequisite 2, Minimum Energy Performance. Documenting the energy performance of the commercial interior can be accomplished through building energy simulation modeling or prescriptive options. Commissioning begins with the development of the owner's project requirements, followed at a minimum by creation of a formal commissioning plan, verification of equipment installation, and submission of a final report. Enhanced commissioning includes additional tasks, such as design and contractor submittal reviews,creation of a formal systems manual,verification of stafftraining,and a follow-up review before the warranty period ends. Commissioning identifies inefficiencies in building systems and provides a starting point for optimizing energy and water efficiency. Adjusting these systems for maximum efficiency, in turn, minimizes the environmental impacts associated with energy and water use. Properly executed commissioning can substantially reduce costs for maintenance, repairs, and resource consumption and improve indoor environmental quality, enhancing occupants' productivity. For example, studies conducted at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab suggest that commissioning and improved operations could save 20% of the energy used by existing buildingts Monitoring the performance of building systems begins with establishing a measurement and verification plan based on the best practices developed by the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP). The plan must cover at least one year of postconstruction occupancy. Monitoring involves using appropriate measuring instruments and can include energy modeling. Managing Refrigerants to Eliminate CFCs The release ofchlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from refrigeration equipment destroys ozone molecules in the stratosphere and reduces the ozone layer's ability to block harmful ultraviolet light from penetrating Earth's atmosphere. CFCs in the stratosphere also absorb infrared radiation and create chlorine, a potent greenhouse gas, further harming the atmosphere. Banning the use of CFCs in refrigerants slows the depletion of the ozone layer and mitigates climate change. Standard practice for commercial interiors is to install equipment that does not use CPC-based refrigerants. Using Renewable Energy Energy generation from renewable sources—such as solar, wind, and biomass—avoids air and water pollution and other environmental consequences associated with producing and consuming traditional fossil and nuclear fuels. Although hydropower is considered renewable, it can have harmful environmental effects, such as degrading water quality, altering fish and bird habitats, and endangering species. Low-impact hydropower, if available, is recommended. Renewable energy minimizes acid rain,smog, climate change,and human health problems resulting from air contaminants. In addition, using renewable resources avoids the consumption of fossil 116 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281655

fuels, the production of nuclear waste, and the environmentally damaging operation of hydropower dams. LEED for Commercial Interiors Approach to Energy and Atmosphere Because most commercial interiors projects occupy only a portion of a larger building, for which many energy-related decisions may have already been made, LEED for Commercial Interiors focuses on the individual tenant's options for energy efficiency, lighting, HVAC, appliances, and equipment. To support tenants' decisions to use renewable energy, LEED for Commercial Interiors offers incentive to purchase green power. Table t relates the timing of credit decisions and actions to the overall project schedule. CREDIT TITLE EA Prerequisite 1 EA Prerequisite 2 EA Prerequisite 3 EA Credit 1.1 EA Credit 1.2 EA Credit 1.3 EA Credit 1.4 EA Credit 2 EA Credit 3 EA Credit 4 Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems Minimum Energy Performance Fundamental Refrigerant Management Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Power Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Controls Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC Optimize Energy Performance—Equipment and Appliances Enhanced Commissioning Measurement and Verification Green Power EA OVERVIEW "21;LIY EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 117 EFTA00281656

118 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281657

FUNDAMENTAL COMMISSIONING OF BUILDING ENERGY SYSTEMS CI Prerequisite Points EA Prerequisite 1 Required Intent To verify that the project's energy-related systems are installed and calibrated to performing according to the owner's project requirements, basis of design and construction documents. Benefits of commissioning include reduced energy use, lower operating costs, fewer contractor callbacks, better building documentation, improved occupant productivity, and verification that the systems perform in accordance with the owner's project requirements. Requirements The following commissioning process activities must be completed by the project team: • Designate an individual as thecommissioning authority (CM) to lead, reviev,rand oversee the completion of the commissioning process activities. • The CM must have documented commissioning authority experience in at least 2. building projects. • The individual serving as the CM must be independent of the project's design and construction management, though the CxA may be an employee of any firms providing those services. The CxA may be a qualified employee or consultant of the owner. • The CM must report results, findings and recommendations directly to the owner. • For projects smaller than 5o,coo gross square feet, the CxA may be a qualified person on the design or construction teams who has the required experience. • The owner must document the owner's project requirements. The design team must develop the basis of design. The CM must review these documents for clarity and completeness. The owner and design team must be responsible for updates to their respective documents. • Develop and incorporate commissioning requirements into the construction documents. • Develop and implement a commissioning plan. • Verify the installation and performance of the systems to be commissioned. • Complete a summary• commissioning report. Commissioned Systems Commissioning process activities must be completed for the following energy-related systems at a minimum: • Heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration (H VAC&R) systems (mechanical and passive) and associated controls. • Lighting and daylighting controls. • Domestic hot water systems. • Renewable energy systems (e.g. PV, wind, solar). EA PREREQUISITE 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 119 EFTA00281658

EA CI Prerequisite 1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Benefits of commissioning include reduced energy use, lower operating costs, fewer contractor callbacks, better building documentation, improved occupant productivity, and verification that the systems perform in accordance with the owner's project requirements. Environmental Issues Facilities that do not perform as intended may consume significantly more resources over their lifetimes. Commissioning can minimize the negative impacts buildings have on the environment by helping verify that buildings are designed and constructed to operate as intended and in accordance with the owner's project requirements. Economic Issues If commissioning has not been previously included as part of the project delivery process, the costs associated with commissioning maybe met with initial resistance. When the long-term benefits are taken into consideration, however, commissioning can be seen as a cost-effective way to ensure that the building is functioning as designed and that the planned energy savings are realized. Improved occupant well-being and productivity are other potential benefits when building systems function as intended. Proper commissioning of building systems can reduce employee illness, tenant turnover and vacancy, and liability related to indoor air quality, and it can avoid premature equipment replacement. 2. Related Credits The commissioning effort can affect many performance-based features encouraged in the LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System. Consider including the following features and systems in the commissioning effort: water efficiency and metering of plumbing fixtures, outdoor air delivery and monitoring, lighting, and thermal comfort systems. See Table 1 fora list of related credits. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this prerequisite. 4. Implementation Relationship between Fundamental and Enhanced Commissioning LEED for Commercial Interiors addresses building commissioning in z places: EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems, and EA Credit a, Enhanced Commissioning. For LEED design and construction projects, the scope of services for the commissioning authority (CxA) and project team should be based on the owner's project requirements. The commissioning process activities must address the commissioned systems noted in the EA Prerequisite t requirements. Forcommercial interiorprojects,the scope canvarytremendously. Some may include only lighting systems, whereas others may include all HVAC, service water, and lighting systems. EA Credit a requires that the commissioning authority be involved early in the process to help facilitate a commissioning design review and a commissioning documentation review. As the project nears completion, enhanced commissioning requires oversight of staff training, a walk-through 8 to to months after completion, and the completion of a systems manual. 120 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281659

Table 1. Potential Systems to Be Commissioned. as Applicable Systems Prerequisites and Credits Potential Commissioning Activities Heating, ventilating. air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems, both mechanical and passive, and associated controls EA Prerequisite 2. Mandatory provisions and prescriptive requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 have been met. EA Prerequisite 3, No CFC in newly purchased equipment. EA Credit 1.3, Option 1. HVAC equipment sized on actual loads: mechanical equipment meets enhanced efficiency standards: use of variable speed controls; appropriate zoning and controls. EA Credit 1.3, Option 2. Same as EA Prerequisite 2. IEQ Prerequisite 1. Ventilation is compliant with ANSWASHRAE 62.1-2007. 'Da Prerequisite 2. Option 2. Designated smoking rooms verification requirements. lEll Prerequisite 2. Option 3. Residential facilities: test results of air leakage and air sampling. lEll Credit 1, Functioning outdoor air monitoring system. 'Da Credit 2, Mechanical systems: air testing and balance confirm increased ventilation rates. Passive systems: minimum flow rates are set and met. 'Da Credit 3.1, Filtration media replacement. IEQ Credit 5, Exhaust system in areas where hazardous gases or chemicals are present, MERV 13 air filtration media. IEQ Credit 6.2, Functioning controllability for temperature and ventilation. IEQ Credit 7.1, HVAC system and control systems meet ANSUASHRAE 55-2004 requirements. IEQ Credit 7.2, Monitoring system function. ID Credit 1. If applicable. UgMIng controls, Including daylightIng SS Credit 1. Option 6. Existing building, site. and project lighting designs comply with requirements. EA Prerequisite 2, Mandatory provisions and prescriptive requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 have been met. EA Credit LI, ASHRAE 90.1-2007 compliance documentation. EA Credit L2. Functioning daylight responsive controls. IEQ Credit 8.1. Daylighting requirements are met. ID Credit 1. If applicable. Domestic hot water systems IECI Prerequisite 2. Mandatory provisions and prescriptive requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 have been met. ID Credit 1. If applicable. Renewable energy systems (wind, solar, etc.) SS Credit 1. Option 11. On-site renewable energy performance. 5. Timeline and Team The commissioning process is a planned, systematic quality-control process that involves the owner, users, occupants, operations and maintenance staff, design professionals, and contractors. It is most effective when begun at project inception. All members ofthe project team are encouraged to participate in the commissioning activities as part of a larger commissioning team. The team approach to commissioning can speed the process and add a system of checks and balances. The overall commissioning effort identified in both EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems, and EA Credit 2, Enhanced Commissioning, is shown below in Table 2 as divided into 12 basic steps. The steps are presented in sequential order; however, some tasks can begin at various points in the project or be completed at various points in the project. For example, the development of the commissioning plan may begin in the design phase, have multiple updates during the project, and be considered completed at some point during the construction phase. CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 121 EFTA00281660

EA CI Prerequisite 1 Some of the steps shown below are required for EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems, and some are required for EA Credit 2, Enhanced Commissioning. Table a outlines the commissioning tasks, the team members primarily responsible for performing each project requirement, and the requirements common to EA Prerequisite 1 and EA Credit a. Table 2. Tasks and Responsibilities for EA Prerequisite 1 and EA Credit 2 Project Phases Commissioning Tasks (Steps 1-12) I Rating System Tasks Fundamental Enhanced Redesign, Design Phase Request for proposal Architect and engineer selection 1. Designate commissioning authority (CxA) EA Prerequisite 1. Task 1 EA Credit 2, Task 1 Owner or project team Owner or project team Owners project requirements, basis of design 2. Document owner's project requirements: Develop basis of design EA Prerequisite 1. Task 2 Owner or Cxr Design team Owner or UR' Design team Schematic design 3. Review owner's project requirements and basis of design EA Prerequisite 1. Task 2 EA Credit 2, Task 2 CAA'• CxA Design development 4. Develop and implement Cx plan EA Prerequisite 1. Task 4 Project team or Cyr Project team or CxA Construction documents 5. Incorporate commissioning requirements into the construction documents EA Prerequisite 1, Task 3 Project team or Cyr Project team or CxA 6. Conduct commissioning design review prior to midconstruction documents EA Credit 2, Task 2 N/A CzA Construction phase Equipment procurement Equipment installation 7. Review contractor submittals applicable to systems being commissioned EA Credit 2, Task 3 NfA CxA Functional testing Test and balance Performance testing acceptance 8. Verify installation ce of and performan commissioned systems EA Prerequisite 1, Task 5 CxA INA Operations and .. maintenance (m) manuals 9. Develop systems manual for commissioned systems EA Credit 2, Task 4 N/A Project team or CxA training 10. Verify that requirements for training are completed EA Credit 2, Task 2 N/A Project team or CxA Substantial completion 11.Complete a summary commissioning report EA Prerequisite 1, Task 6 CxA CxA W7 Systems monitoring 12. Review building operation within 8 to 10 months after substantial completion EA Credit 2, Task 6 N/A CxA 'Although EA Prerequisite does not require the Cut to be on the ctoiecl team until just beta the equipment installation phase. if brought in earlier, he a she can also help the owner develop the project requeements and assist with other important commissioning tasks. "Some commissioning tasks can be performed by the crane a other project team members. flowerer. the review of the owner's project requirements and basis of design must be performed by the C&A. Fir EA Prerequisite I. Fundamental Commissioning. this may be performed at any time before verification of equipment installation and acceptance. STEP 1 Designate an individual as the commissioning authority (CxA) to lead, review and oversee the completion of the commissioning process activities. Ideally, the project team should designate an individual as the CxA as early as possible in the 122 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281661

project timeline, preferably during predesign. The qualified individual designated as the CxA serves as an objective advocate for the owner and is responsible for the following: • Directing the commissioning team and process in the completion of the commissioning requirements. • Coordinating, overseeing, and/or performing the commissioning testing. • Reviewing the results of the systems performance verification. For LEED projects, a qualified CxA should have experience with 2 other projects of similar managerial and technical complexity. The owner maywant to specify additional qualifications for the CxA,dependingon the scope and nature of the commissioning. CxA certification programs are administered by various industry groups. For projects larger than 50,000 square feet, the individual serving as the CxA on a LEED project must be independent of the project's design and construction teams. The CxA may be a qualified staff member of the owner, an owner's consultant to the project, or an employee of a firm providing design and/or construction management services. The CxA may not, however, have responsibility for design (e.g., be the engineer of record) or for construction. The CxA must report results, findings, and recommendations directly to the owner. For projects smaller than 50,000 square feet, the CxA may be a qualified staff member of the owner, an owner's consultant to the project, or an individual on the design or construction team (such as the engineer of record) and may have additional project responsibilities beyond leading the commissioning services. For projects pursuing EA Credit 3, Enhanced Commissioning, the CxA may not be an employee of the design firm but maybe contracted through this firm. Table 3. Commissioning Authority Qualifications Party Acting as Commissioning Authority (CrA) Fundamental Commissioning Prerecousite,,t , Enhanced Commissioning Credit“, < 50.000 (sf) s 50.000 (sf) Employee or subcontractor of general contractor with construction responsibilities Yes Employee or subcontractor, with construction responsibilities. of construction manager who holds constructor contracts Yes Employee or subcontractor, with project design responsibilities, of the architect or engineer of record Yes Disinterested employee or subcontractor ofceneral contractor or construction manager' Yes Yes Disinterested employee of architect or engineer' Yes Yes Disinterested subcontractor to architect or engineer' Yes Yes Yes Construction manager not holding constructor contracts Yes Yes Yes Independent consultant contracted to Owner Yes Yes Yes Owner employee or staff Yes Yes Yes "Disinterested' means an employee or subcontractor who has no projec responsibilities other than commissioning. ' EA Prerequisite I requirements (see Table I above). ' DICredit 3 requirements (the CAA must review the owner's project requirements. basis of design, and design documents prior to mickonstruction documents phase and perform a back check). 4 The wile Cusi worming the enhanced commissioning tasks must also OM S« the fundamental commissioning tat. ' Regardless of ea employs the CaA, he or she 'shall hart documented commissioning authority evenence in at least two building projects' and idealty meet the minimum qualif *whew of hawing "a high level of experience in energy systems design. nista/When and operation. commissioning planning and process management. hands-on held experience with energy systems performance. interaction. startup. balancing testirg. troubleshooting, operation, and maintenance procedures and energy systems automation control knowledge." (From "Who Can Be the Commissioning Authority?" 01103106 LEED 2.2 Commissioning Subcommittee. posted under LEED Reference Documents. blipitaanzianarat I EA CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 123 EFTA00281662

EA CI Prerequisite 1 STEP 2 The owner must document the owner's project requirements for the fit-out project. The design team must develop the basis of design. The owner and design team are responsible for updates to their respective documents. Clear and concise documentation of the owner's project requirements and the basis of design is a valuable part of any successful project delivery and commissioning process. These documents are used throughout the commissioning process to provide a baseline and focus for validating systems' energy and environmental performance. Owner's Project Requirements The owner's project requirements must be completed by the owner, CxA, and project team prior to the approval of contractor submittals of any commissioned equipment or systems. Updates during the design and construction process are the primary responsibility of the owner. The owner's project requirements should detail the functional requirements of a project and the expectations of the building's use and operation as they relate to the systems to be commissioned. The owner's project requirements should address the following issues, as applicable to the project Owner and user requirements Describe the primary purpose, program, and use of the proposed project (e.g., office building with data center, academic building addition and new gymnasium) and any pertinent project history. Provide anyoverarchinggoals relative to program needs,future expansion,fledbility, quality of materials, and construction and operational costs. Environmental and sustainability goals Describe any specific environmental or sustainability goals (e.g., LEED certification). Energy efficiency goals Describe overall project energy efficiency goals relative to the local energy code, ASHRAE standard,or LEED. Describe any goals or requirements forbuildingorientation, landscaping, façade, fenestration, envelope and roof features that will affect energy use. Indoor environmental quality requirements For each program or area, describe the intended use, anticipated occupancy schedules, space environmental requirements (including lighting, temperature, humidity, acoustics, air quality, and ventilation), desired adjustability of system controls, and accommodations for after-hours use. Equipment and system expectations Describe the desired level ofquality, reliability,type,automation,fledbility,and maintenance requirements for each of the systems to be commissioned. When known, provide specific efficiency targets, desired technologies, or preferred manufacturers for building systems. Building occupant and MI personnel requirements Describe how the facilitywill be operated and bywhom. Describe the desired level of training and orientation required for the building occupants to understand and use the building systems. Basis of Design The design team must document the basis of design for the systems to be commissioned prior to approval of contractor submittals of any commissioned equipment or systems. Updates to this 124 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281663

document during the design and construction process are the responsibility of the design team. The basis of design describes the systems to be commissioned and outlines any design CI assumptions that are not otherwise included in the design documents. It should be updated with each subsequent design submission, with increasing specificity as applicable. The basis of design should include the following, as applicable: Primary design assumptions Include space use, redundancy, diversity, climatic design conditions, space zoning, occupancy, operations, and space environmental requirements. EA Standards Include applicable codes, guidelines, regulations, and other references that will be put into practice. Narrative descriptions Include performance criteria for the HVAC&R systems, lighting systems, hot water systems, on-site power systems, and other systems to be commissioned. STEP 3 The CxA must review the owner's project requirements and the basis of design for clarity and completeness. The owner and design team are responsible for updates to their respective documents. The CxA must ensure that the basis of design reflects the owner's project requirements. Both documents must be reviewed by the CxA for completeness prior to the approval of contractor submittals of any commissioned equipment or systems. STEP 4 Develop and implement a commissioning plan. Unique to a particular project, the commissioning plan is the reference document that identifies the strategies, aspects, and responsibilities within the commissioning process for each phase of a project, for all of the project team members. This document outlines the overall process, schedule,organization, responsibilities, and documentation requirements ofthe commissioning process. The commissioning plan is developed at the start of the commissioning process, preferably during design development, and is updated during the course of a project to reflect any changes in planning, schedule, or other aspects. The following list outlines required components of the commissioning plan. • Commissioning Program Overview • Goals and objectives. • General project information. • Systems to be commissioned. ■ Commissioning Team • Team members, roles, and responsibilities. • Communication protocol, coordination, meetings, and management. ■ Commissioning Process Activities Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 125 EFTA00281664

EA CI Prerequisite 1 • Documenting the owner's project requirements. • Preparing the basis of design. • Developing systems functional test procedures. • Verifying systems performance. • Reporting deficiencies and the resolution process. • Accepting the building systems. Project teams pursuing the enhanced commissioning credit (EA Credit a) may need to expand the commissioning plan to include the following commissioning process activities: ■ Documenting the commissioning review process ■ Reviewing contractor submittals. ■ Developing the systems manual. ■ Verifying the training of operations personnel. ■ Reviewing building operation after final acceptance. Table 4. Required Commissioning Plan Components Required Commissioning Plan Components Brief overview of commissioning process. List of all systems and assemblies included in commissioning authority's scope of work. Identification of commissioning team and its responsibilities. Description of management. communication, and reporting of commissioning process. Overview of commissioning process activities for predesign, design, construction, and occupancy and operations phases. including development of owner's project requirements, review of basis of design, schematic design, construction documents and submittals, construction phase verification, functional performance test development and implementation. and 10-month warranty review. List of expected work products. List of commissioning process milestones. STEP 5 Develop and incorporate commissioning requirements into the construction documents. Typically, the project specifications are used to inform contractors of their responsibilities in the commissioning process. These specifications may describe the components listed in Table S. Often, all commissioning requirements are outlined in a section of the general conditions of the construction specifications. Placing all commissioning requirements in a single location gives responsibility for commissioning work to the general contractor, who can then assign responsibility to subcontractors. It is also valuable to refer to commissioning requirements on the drawings, in any bid forms, and in specification sections related to the systems to be commissioned. 126 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281665

Table 5. Commissioning Requirements for Construction Documents Commissioning team involvement. Contractors' responsibilities. Submittal review procedures for commissioned systems. Operations and maintenance documentation, system manuals. Meetings. Constniction verification procedures. Startup plan development and implementation. Functional performance testing. Acceptance and closeout. Training. Warranty review site visit. STEP 6 The CxA should conduct at least t commissioning deign review of the owner's project requirements, basis of design, and design documents prior to midconstniction documents phase and back-check the review comments in the subsequent design submission. This step is required by EA Credit 2, Enhanced Commissioning, but is not mandatory for achievement of EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems. The CxA should reviewthe owner's project requirements, basis of design, and design documents to give the owner and design team an independent assessment of the state of the design for the commissioned systems. Typically,a design reviewperformedbythe CxA focuses on the following issues: ■ Ensuring clarity, completeness, and adequacy of the owner's project requirements. ■ Verifying that all issues discussed in the owner's project requirements are addressed adequately in basis of design. ■ Reviewing design documents for achieving the owner's project requirements and basis of design and coordination of commissioned systems. Additional reviews by the eth throughout the design and construction process maybe advisable and appropriate depending on the project duration, phasing, and complexity. STEP 7 The CxA should review contractor submittals applicable to the systems being commissioned for compliance with the owner's project requirements and basis of design. This review must be concurrent with the architect's or engineer's reviews and submitted to the design team and the owner. This step is required by EA Credit 2, Enhanced Commissioning, but is not mandatory for achievement of EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems. The CxA should review the contractor submittals and identify any issues that might otherwise result in rework or change orders. The CxA should specifically evaluate the submittals for the following: ■ Conformance with the owner's project requirements and basis of design. is Fulfilling operations and maintenance requirements. is Facilitating performance testing. EA CI Prerequisite 1 209 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 127 EFTA00281666

EA CI Prerequisite 1 The CxA review of contractor submittals does not typically replace or alter the scope or responsibility of the design team's role in approving submittals. STEP 8 Verify the Installation andPerformance of the Systems to be Commissioned. Commissioning is conducted to verifythe performance ofcommissioned systems as installed to meet the owner's project requirements, basis of design, and contract documents. Verification of the installation and performance of commissioned systems typically includes 3 steps for each commissioned system: installation inspection, performance testing, and the evaluation of results compared with owner's project requirements and the basis of design. ■ Installation inspections (sometimes called prefunctional inspections) are a systematic set of procedures intended to identify whether individual system components have been installed properly. Often this process occurs at startup of individual units ofequipment and may use "prefunctional checklists" or "startup and checkout forms" to ensure consistency in the inspections and document the process. Installation inspections may be performed by the CxA, the installing contractor, or others, depending on the procedures outlined in the commissioning plan. Installation inspections provide quality control to ensure that relatively minor issues (e.g., an improperly wired sensor, a control valve installed backward) are discovered and corrected prior to systems performance testing. ■ Systems performance testing (sometimes called functional performance testing) occurs once all system components are installed, energized, programmed, balanced, and otherwise ready for operation underpart-and full-load conditions. Testing should include each process in the sequence of operations under central and packaged equipment control, including startup, shutdown, capacity modulation, emergency and failure modes, alarms, and interlocks to other equipment Systems performance testing typically relies on testing procedures developed by the CxA specifically for the system to be tested. A wide variety of methods may be used to simulate and evaluate that the system being tested performs as expected (per the owner's project requirements, basis of design, and contract documents) in all modes of operation. Systems performance testing may be performed by some combination of the CxA, the installing contractor, and others, depending on the procedures outlined in the commissioning specifications and the commissioning plan. It may reveal problems with the performance of the commissioned systems and may require significant follow-up and coordination among members of the project team. ■ Evaluation of results is the final step. At each point in the process of installation inspections and systems performance testing the CxA should evaluate whether the installed systems meet the criteria for the project as set forth in the owner's project requirements and the basis of design documents. Any discrepancies or deficiencies should be reported to the owner, and the team should work collaboratively to find an appropriate resolution. STEP 9 Develop a systems manual that gives future operating staffthe information needed to understand and optimally operate the commissioned systems. This step is required by EA Credit a, Enhanced Commissioning, but is not mandatory for achievement of EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems. Provide a systems manual in addition to the manuals submitted by the contractor. The 128 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281667

systems manual generally focuses on operating rather than maintaining the equipment, particularly the interactions. The systems manual should include the following for each commissioned system: ■ Final version of the basis of design. ■ System single-line diagrams. ■ As-built sequences of operations, control drawings, and original setpoints. ■ Operating instructions for integrated building systems. ■ Recommended schedule of maintenance requirements and frequency, if not already included in the project manuals. • Recommended schedule for retesting of commissioned systems with blank test forms from the original commissioning plan. • Recommended schedule for calibrating sensors and actuators. STEP 10 Verify that the requirements for training operating personnel and building occupants have been completed. This step is required by EA Credit 2, Enhanced Commissioning, but is not mandatory for achievement of EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems. Establish anddocument trainingupc-Ltations and needswith thetenant.Manycommontraining topics are listed in Table 6. Ensure that operations staff and occupants receive this training and orientation. Pay particular attention to new or uncommon sustainable design features that could be overridden or removed because of a lack of understanding. Document that the training was completed according to the contract documents. Have a contract in place to review tenant space operation with staff and occupants, including a plan for resolution of outstanding commissioning-related issues 8 to so months after substantial completion. Table 6. Common Training Topics Common Training Topics m E m . I" a General purpose of system (design intent). Use of manuals. Review of control drawings and schematics. Startup, normal operation, shutdown, unoccupied operation, seasonal changeover, manual operation, control setup and programming troubleshooting. and alarms. Interactions with other systems. Adjustments and optimizing methods for energy conservation. Health and safety issues. Special maintenance and replacement sources. Occupant interaction issues. System response to different operating conditions. STEP 11 Complete a summary commissioning report. After installation inspections and performance verification items have been completed, the results are tabulated and assembled into a commissioning report. Supporting information can be compiled as a Cx record but is not required in the summary. EA CI Prerequisite 1 2CO9 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 129 EFTA00281668

EA CI Prerequisite 1 The summary commissioning report should include the following: ■ Executive summaryofthe process and the results ofthe commissioning program,including observations, conclusions, and any outstanding items. ■ History of any system deficiencies identified and how they were resolved, including any outstanding issues or seasonal testing scheduled fora later date. ■ Systems performance test results and evaluation. ■ Confirmation from the CxA indicating whether individual systems meet the owner's project requirements, basis of design, and contract documents. In addition, for projects pursuing EA Credit 2, Enhanced Commissioning, the summary commissioning report should include the following: ■ Summary of the design review process. ■ Summary of the submittal review process. ■ Summary of the= documentation and training process. Table 7. Commissioning Report Components Commissioning Report Components Owner's project requirements. Project commissioning specifications. Verification of installation (construction checklist). Functional performance testing results and forms. documentation evaluation (EA Credit 2). Training program evaluation (EA Credit 2). Description of commissioning process benefits. Outstanding issues. Contract and plan for resolution within 8 to 10 months of substantial completion (EA Credit 2). STEP 12 Ensure the involvement by the CxA in reviewing building operation within to months after substantial completion with staff and occupants. Include a plan for resolving outstanding issues. This step is required by EA Credit 2., Enhanced Commissioning, but is not mandatory for achievement of EA Prerequisite 1, Fundamental Commissioning of the Building Energy Systems. The CxA should coordinate with the owner and the = staff to review the tenant space and its performance 8 to to months after substantial completion. MI unresolved construction deficiencies as well as any deficiencies identified in this postoccupancy review should be documented and corrected under manufacturer or contractor warranties. The CxA review of the building operation with operations staff and occupants should identify any problems in operating the building as originally intended. Any significant issues identified by the CxA that will not be corrected should be recorded in the systems manual. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this prerequisite. 130 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281669

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Update the commissioning plan at milestones throughout the project. This should happen, at a minimum, during the design development phase, the construction documents phase, and just prior to the kick-off meeting with the general contractor. • Prepare a systems list that indicates which systems have been included within the scope of enhanced commissioning. • Obtain confirmation that the commissioning authority has documented experience on at least 2 building projects. • Retain copies of the owner's project requirements, basis of design, commissioning specifications, commissioning report, and systems manual. 8. Examples EXAMPLE 1 The example below demonstrates the interconnectedness of the owner's project requirements, basis of design, construction documents, commissioning plan, commissioning report, and systems manual. Building Commissioning Documents Evinces agent (a the project Owner's Project Require/kilts WPM • Intr.:Out nen • Key Requirement, (inCludne LEW credit requirements) • Project ScopetObasclues (includingsystems to to commissioned) • FunCtiOnal SOLOS • Occupancy • Budget Console:ration • Performance Criteria lineaSureable and veoltitle) • OPR RINISIC0 History Ammo °doom 0,207) mom ; Updates and Revisions Systems Manual • Final BOO • S'istem Single line siren • Asibuill Sealant. Or 0Otratien. set polls. etc. • System operating instructions • Maintenance schedule • Relating Saitidulti (Can also Include OPR. WOO keeping procedures. optimizatKei guidance. trainang MattkIBIS. and COMMiSPOnirg WOKS WWI) What is needed to implement the OPR Basis of Design (BOD) • Systems and Asstrriblim • Peck/manta CritenWASSumptiOnS • OOStrilitena Cu, erreelope. HVAC. elects tcz water. other) • Governing Codes and St.. • Nam Directites • Dew Dere/00ment Gin oil (conc.:pm. calcukcions, decisions. end product Stitt lions) • 800 ReviSiOn History ApiPAE GwIttiie 0,2005 NO., r • upostesera Reasons Commissioning Plan • Cheraw., • Commnsortng Team • Desciiption ol Commissromno PrOckS1 ACtrolte6 (by project ol‘SW6 - prdwien, design. comtruction. occupancy) • Schedules (Update tIvoughsai prorectl sanest {Harr. 0.2005 ARM1R g litolatol Ind RenSiOnS WHOA( OPanifing Pion *wow% Operating Retwortmen10 EA PaeitOudite 1 fOr LEED br Existing Buildings: Operatices Maintenance How the OPR will be Oyite/y aChtWE Construction Documents (CD's) • General Cctonir.ssonaig RequirerneMs (The commissioning requirements specified in Dinsion I) • Specific ROkUkkinkentS Specific commissioning requirements specified in each of the Other appacable &WOOS Ol the project specific:lions S., Imo coimmsemns coireinerns m Corson:Ins :.,ntrkas) Issues Leg Commissioning Report • Erecolioe Summary • Deficiency ReSOlutiOnS • Systems Federman° Te,7 Results and Evaluation IYay sin emge Sarong oil “.^.^..mN ;ea.. scimls • ma htillittOs tnrAntent01 lastk. Mil 4rd toTante. ful(001$ kilt MI iv amid,. ard Pinup, EA CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 131 EFTA00281670

EA CI Prerequisite I EXAMPLE 2. Report Outline The outline below is a guide for what can be included in the summary commissioning report. There is no required order of presentation, only that these primary report components (applicable to the commissioning scope) are included in the report. The final report that goes to the owner should include copies of issue and testing logs, meeting minutes, and interim process reports. Summary Commissioning Report Executive Summary Provide a briefdescription ofproject (size,spacetypes,occupancy, etc.), highlighting commissioning goals. Provide a brief narrative on the scope of commissioning, highlighting the systems to be commissioned, process activities, and examples of significant issues: 1. Predesign activities (if any) z. Design activities (if any) 3. Construction activities 4. Postoccupancy activities (if any) Highlight any significant systemic issues that were uncovered during the commissioning process. Provide recommendations for future project commissioning activities. Deficiency Resolution Provide a more detailed summary of the types of issues uncovered and how they were resolved. These issues are best presented in order of project phases (e.g., during design, during construction). A copy of the issues log is typically included as an appendix. Systems Performance Test Results and Evaluation Summarize observations on test results and evaluations for prefunctional tests, test and balance, functional tests, and postoccupancy testing (if applicable). 9. Exemplary Performance This prerequisite is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations The significance ofcommissioningtaslcs mayvarywiththe climate. For example,in northern regions, the functioning of heating systems, such as boilers, is a critical issue. Suboptimal performance for heating systems in northern climates can result in high utility bills, wasted energy, and added emissions. In the Southeast, humidity is an important consideration. Here, the introduction of hot, humid outside air must be controlled, and suboptimal performance for cooling systems could raise utilitybills. In other regions of the country, equipment such as economizers and evaporative cooling will be used for extended periods and must function correctly. Regional climates tend to drive the selection of systems and the associated commissioning and maintenance decisions. For example, including the commissioning of the building envelope maybe 132 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281671

more important in certain regions than in others. Adding the commissioning of water systems may be important in arid regions. Regardless of the types of equipment selected, each project can greatly benefit from a systematic approach to ensuring that the right equipment and systems are specified, ordered, installed, and tested to ensure proper operation and performance. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations So that building systems operate effectively for the life of the building, use the commissioning process and outcomes to develop documents that will help facility managers run the building in a manner consistent with the design intent and equipment specifications. These documents should include the following: ■ Building operating plan (owner's operating requirements). This plan defines the delivered conditions required by building management and occupants for the successful operation of a building. It identifies the spaces, uses, occupancy types, and required conditions. It includes the time-of-day schedules of every system, the mode of operation for each system when it is running, and the desired indoor conditions or setpoints for each schedule or mode. This information is initially developed in the basis of design. ■ Systems narrative. The systems narrative is a summary description of each of the following types of base building systems installed in the project building: space heating, space cooling, ventilation, domestic water heating, humidification and/or dehumidification, and lighting. The description should include summaries of the central plant, distribution, and terminal units, as applicable, as well as the controls associated with these systems. ■ Sequence of operations. The sequence of operations represents system-level documentation that defines what operational states are desired under whatconditions. This can includewhich systems are running or idle; whether operations are full-load or part-load; staging or cycling of compressors, fans, or pumps; proper valve positions; desired system water temperatures and duct static air pressures, depending on other variables (e.g., outside air temperatures, room air temperatures, and/or relative humidity); and any reset schedules or occupancy schedules. The sequence of operations should include specific information on operating phases (warm-up, occupied, unoccupied), setpoints and controls, and feedback systems to monitor performance. ■ Commissioning report. Ensure that the commissioning report adequately identifies problems that are likely to reemerge or merit particular attention on an ongoing basis. Ensure that the commissioning report adequately identifies problems that are likely to reemerge or merit particular attention on an ongoing basis. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers http://wwt.v.ashrae.org ASHRAE advances the science of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration for the public's benefit through research, standards writing, continuing education, and publications. According to the ASHRAE website, "membership is open to any person associated with the field including indoor air quality, building design and operation, and environmental control for food processing and industry." EA CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 133 EFTA00281672

EA CI Prerequisite 1 Building Commissioning Association http://vnvw.boca.orgiresourcesfindahtrn BCxA promotes building commissioning practices that maintain high professional standards and fulfill buildingowners' expectations. The association offers a5-day intensive course focused on how to implement the commissioning process and that is intended for commissioning authorities with at least 2 years of experience. California Commissioning Collaborative http:(/www.cacx.org The California Commissioning Collaborative is agroup ofgovemment, utility,and building senrices professionals committed to developing and promoting viable building commissioning practices in California. Its online library, available at hs- tp://resources.cacx.orgilibraryb has more than 300 resources, including articles, papers, guides, and sample commissioning documents. California Department of General Services, Division of the State Architect, Adopting the Commissioning Process for the Successful Procurement of Schools http://www.chps.netilinks/pdfs/CominissioningProcessGuide.pdf According to its publisher, this guide is"intended to be used by school districts, programmers, design professionals, contractors, operations and maintenance personnel, and commissioning authorities to understand the commissioning process and their role in it." Energy Design Resources, Cx Assistant Commissioning Tool This web-based tool provides project-specific building commissioning information to design teams and enables users to evaluate probable commissioning cost, identify appropriate commissioning scope, and access project-related sample commissioning specifications. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, The Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial Buildings Commissioning: A Meta-Analysis of Existing Buildings and New Construction in the United States http:Thetd.lbl.goviemills/PUBS/Cx-Costs-Benefits.html Oregon Office of Energy, Commissioning for Better Buildings in Oregon http://egov.oregon.go_WENERGY/CONS/BUS/commfbldgoc.shtml This website and document of the same name contain a comprehensive introduction to the commissioning process, including research, financial benefits, and case studies. Portland Energy Conservation Inc. http://www.peci.org PECI develops the field for commissioning services by helping building owners understand the value of commissioning and by producing process and technical information for commissioning providers. Their focus includes owners of private and public buildings and a range of building types. PECI manages the annual National Conference on Building Commissioning. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Engineering Professional Development http://www.engr.wisc.edu This program offers commissioning process training courses for building owners, architects, engineers, operations and maintenance staff, and other interested parties. The program also offers accreditation of commissioning process providers and managers. Print Media ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005: The Commissioning Process (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2005). httpWwww.ashrae.org. 134 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281673

ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996: The HVAC Commissioning Process, (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,1996). http://www.ashrae.org. ASHRAE Guideline 4-1993: Preparation of Operations & Maintenance Documentation for Building Systems (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,1993). http:// www.ashrae.org. The Building Commissioning Handbook, second edition, by John A. Heinz and Rick Casault (Building Commissioning Association, 2004). Commissioning Fact Sheets (Collaborative of High Performance Schools). http:ffivww.chps.net/ manual These fact sheets explore how can help school districts ensure their schools are built to high performance standards. Model Commissioning Plan and Guide Specifications (Portland Energy Conservation Inc,1998). Building Commissioning Guide, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Federal Energy Management Program (U.S. Department of Energy). http://www.eere.energy.goy. Commissioning for Better Buildings in Oregon (Oregon Office of Energy, 2007). http://ggov.oregoi gov/ENERGY/CONS/BUS/commibldgc l. PECI Model Building Commissioning Plan and Guide Specifications (Portland Energy Conservation Inc.). http://www.peci.org. 13. Definitions Basis of design includes design information necessary to accomplish the owner's project requirements, including system descriptions, indoor environmental quality criteria, design assumptions, and references to applicable codes, standards, regulations, and guidelines. Commissioning (Cx) is the process of verifying and documenting that a building and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the owner's project requirements. The commissioning authority (CxA) is the individual designated to organize, lead, and review the completion of commissioning process activities. The CxA facilitates communication among the owner, designer, and contractor to ensure that complex systems are installed and function in accordance with the owner's project requirements. The commissioning plan is a document that outlines the organization, schedule, allocation of resources, and documentation requirements of the commissioning process. The commissioning process is a systematic quality-focused effort to ensure that building systems are designed, specified, procured, installed, and functioning in accordance with the owner's intent. The process uses planning, documentation, and verification of testing to review and oversee the activities of both designer and constructor. The commissioning report documents the commissioning process, including a commissioning program overview, identification of the commissioning team, and description ofthe commissioning process activities. Commissioning specification is the contract language used in the construction documents to detail the objective, scope, and implementation of the construction and acceptance phases of the commissioning process as developed in the design phase of the commissioning plan. This allows the construction contractor to ensure that these activities are considered in proposals for the construction work. EA CI Prerequisite 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 135 EFTA00281674

EA CI Prerequisite 1 The commissioning team includes those people responsible for working together to carry out the commissioning process. An installation inspection examines components of the building systems to determine whether they are installed properly and ready for systems performance testing. Owner's project requirements is a written document that details the ideas, concepts, and criteria that are determined by the owner to be important to the success of the project. Systems performance testing is the process ofdeterrnining the ability of commissioned systems to perform in accordance with the owner's project requirements, the basis of design, and construction documents. Verification is the range of checks and tests carried out to determine whether components, subsystems, systems, and interfaces between systems operate in accordance with the contract documents. 136 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281675

MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE a Prerequisite EA Prerequisite 2 Points Required Intent To establish the minimum level of energy efficiency for the tenant space systems to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use. Requirements Design portions of the building as covered by the tenant's scope of work to comply with ANSI/ ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda'), and complete the following: ■ Comply with the mandatory provisions (Sections 54 6.4, 74 84 94 and 10.4) of ANSI/ ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda'). ■ Achieve the prescriptive requirements (Sections 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 and 9.5) or performance requirements (Section It) of ANSI/ASHRAWIESNA Standard 90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda'). ■ Reduce connected lighting power density so% below that allowed by ANSI/ASHRAE/ IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda') using either the Space-by- Space Method or by applying the whole building lighting power allowance to the entire tenant space. • Install ENERGY STARtqualified equipment for 50% (by rated-power) of ENERGY STAR eligible equipment.' installed as part of the tenant's scope of work. This requirement includes appliances, office equipment, electronics, and commercial food service equipment. Excluded are heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and building envelope products. Projects in California may use Title 24-2005, Part 6 in place ofANSI/ASHRAPIESNA Standard 90.1-2007. Project teams wishing to use ASIIRAE approved addenda for the purFoses ofthis crcdit maydo so at theirdiscretioc. Addenda must be applied amsLstently aalIIS all LEED mats EA PREREQUISITE 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 137 EFTA00281676

EA CI Prerequisite 2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The process of extracting and consuming energy from fossil fuels causes many negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution, land degradation, solid waste generation, and rising greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuel-based energy use causes climate change as well as serious risks to environmental and human health and safety. Given both the negative environmental impacts inherent in most traditional energy-production processes and our limited energy supplies, efficiency measures are an important strategy for managing the impacts of energy consumption. The commercial real estate industry's energy use accounts for approximately 18% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions.' Additionally, data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration show that buildings are responsible for almost half (48%) of all energy consumed and greenhouse gases emitted annually.' Economic Issues Optimizing energy performance can reduce overall operating costs. Changing operational strategies to avoid energy use—for example, turning off lights and HVAC systems when the building is unoccupied—can often be done at zero or very low initial cost and rapid payback. Even seemingly small conservation measures can be significant; for instance, replacing a single incandescent lamp with a fluorescent lamp, which uses up to 75% less energy, can save more than $30 in energy costs over the lifetime of the lamp.' 2. Related Credits LEED for Commercial Interiors addresses energy efficiency in 2 places: EA Prerequisite 2., Minimum Energy Performance, and EA Credit 1, Optimize Energy Performance. In addition to reducing energy use through efficiency, project teams can mitigate energy use impacts by using renewable energy generated off-site. Refer to these credits: • EA Credit Optimize Energy Performance • EA Credit 4: Green Power 3. Summary of Referenced Standard ANSWASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings American National Standards Institute American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Illuminating Engineering Society of North America ANSIJASHRAWIESNA 90.1-2007 was formulated by ASHRAE under an ANSI consensus process. I ESNA is a joint sponsor of the standard. ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA90.1-2007 establishes minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings, with these exceptions: single-family houses; multifamily structures of3 habitable stories or fewer above grade; manufactured houses (mobile and modular homes); buildings that do not use either electricity or fossil fuel; and equipment and portions of buildings systems that use energy primarily for industrial, manufacturing, or commercial processes. Building envelope requirements are provided for semiheated spaces, such as warehouses. The standard provides criteria in the general categories shown in Table 1. Within each section are mandatory provisions and additional prescriptive requirements. Some sections also contain a performance alternative. The energy cost budget method (Section 11) allows the project team to exceed some of the 138 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281677

prescriptive requirements, provided energy cost savings are made in other areas. However, in all cases, the mandatory provisions must still be met. Table 1. Energy Standard Requirements Addressed by ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 ANSI/ASHRAVIESNA 90.1-2007 Components Section 5. Building envelope (including serniheated spaces, such as warehouses) Section 6. Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (including parking garage ventilation, freeze protection, exhaust air recovery, and condenser heat recovery for service water heating) Section 7. Service water heating (including swimming pools) Section 8. Power (including all building power distribution systems) Section 9. Lighting (including exit signs, building exterior, grounds, and parking garages) Section 10. Other equipment (including all permanently wired electrical motors) 4. Implementation Design the tenant space so that it complies with ASHRAE 90.1-2007 or the local code, whichever is more stringent. Research the status ofindividual state energycodes comparedwith energystandards on the U.S. Department of Energy's Building Energy Codes website (see Resources). If provisions of the base building are managed entirely by the landlord (and therefore cannot be changed by the building tenant) and do not meet the requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2007, then only areas that are not part of the tenant scope of work and exclusively controlled by the landlord are exempt from the requirements of the standard. More Stringent Local Code ASHRAE 90.1-2007 is the baseline that registered projects must meet to satisfy the prerequisite requirement. Any local code (or provision in it) that is more stringent becomes part of the prerequisite requirement. In these cases, explain and document verification that the local code (or provision) is more stringent. California Title 24 is accepted as being more stringent with no further evaluation needed. Less Stringent Local Code In LEED for Commercial Interiors, the credit standards only to apply to the tenant's scope of work; this allows teams with projects in an existing core and shell building to certify their project without havingto compel the building owner to make changes to existingsystems. However,the intent ofthis prerequisite is to establish the minimum level of energy efficiency for the space systems; projects should still meet these standards. If the local code is less stringent, follow ASHRAE 90.1-2007. Do not outline a tenant scope of work to avoid applying the standard. Whenever possible, work being done for the benefit of the tenant should meet the more stringent provisions of ASHRAE 90.1-2007. Applying ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Section 2.1(a) of the standard specifies minimum energy efficiency requirements for the following 3 construction types: ■ New buildings and their systems. ■ New portions of buildings and their systems. ■ New systems and equipment in existing buildings. The third approach applies to most commercial interior projects and is addressed below.As stated in Section 4.2.1.3, existing building alterations must comply with the provisions of Sections, 6, 7, 8,9, and t0, as longascompliancedoes not increasethebuilding'senergyconsumption.Sections5through EA CI Prerequisite 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 139 EFTA00281678

EA CI Prerequisite 2 to gable 1) explain when these provisions apply (e.g., definitions and the building elements), list the mandatory provisions, and give the applicable prescriptive criteria. EA Prerequisite 2,Minimum Energy Performance, recognizes exceptions for certain applications as outlined in the standard, such as those for historic buildings and 24-hour facilities. EA Prerequisite 2, Minimum Energy Performance, does not preclude using the exceptions provided for historic buildings or annual energy consumption comparison as long as compensating changes are made in more than 1 applicable requirement section. Section 5. Building Envelope Requirements (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) The mandatory provisions of Section 5.4 must be met if they may apply to a commercial interior project. Teams must use 1 of 3 compliance paths: Section 5.5, Prescriptive Path;Section 5.6, Building Envelope Trade-Off Option; or Section11, Energy Cost Budget Method. Section 6. Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Requirements (ASHRAE 90.1- 2007) If the project involves altering or replacing HVAC systems in existing buildings, follow the requirements of Section 6.1.1.3. New HVAC equipment must meet the minimum efficiency requirements set by the standard. Note that project teams considering EA Credit 1.3, Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC, Option 1, should consult the New Buildings Institute publication Advanced Buildings: Energy Benchmark for High Performance Buildings (2-Benchmark) Prescriptive Criteria E 2.5 for more stringent minimum efficiency requirements. Air-conditioning added for spaces previously not air-conditioned must meet the requirements of Section 6.z. Alterations to existing systems must not reduce economizer capability unless they meet the criteria set out in Section 6.5.1. EA Prerequisite 2, Minimum Energy Performance, does not preclude using any of the exceptions in Section 6.1.1.3 that address equipment modifications and repairs, alterations involving extensive revisionsto other systems, refrigerantchange, relocation ofexistingequipment, or access limitations for ducts and pipes. Section 6 provides 3 compliance paths, any of which meet the requirement of the prerequisite if justified and properly followed: ■ Use the simplified approach option for HVAC Systems in Section 6.3, which addresses small buildings whose HVAC design meets certain criteria. ■ Meet the mandatory and prescriptive provisions in Sections 64 and 6.5. ■ Meet the mandatory provisions of Section 64 and the energy cost budget method in Sectional. The mandatory provisions of Section 64 include minimum equipment efficiency requirements, controls, and HVAC system construction and insulation; they address ducts, plenums, and piping. A project team not using the energy cost budget method must follow the prescriptive path in Section 6.5, which establishes the requirements for economizers, simultaneous heating and cooling limitations (significant to energy use reductions), humidification, air system design and control, hydronic system design and control, energy recovery, exhaust hoods, and radiant heating systems. Project teams must meet he minimum efficiency requirements for system components listed in ASH RAE 90.1-2007,Tables 6.8.1A-G, even if using the energy cost budget method. Section 7. Service Water Heating Requirements (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) Section 7 addresses heating water for domestic or commercial purposes (restrooms,kitchens, etc.). When altering systems within existing buildings, follow the same requirements set out for new 140 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281679

construction, unless there is insufficient space or a system is inaccessible. Project teams must meet the mandatory provisions of Section 7.4, and either the prescriptive path in Section 7.5 or the energy cost budget method in Section a. The mandatory provisions of Section 7.5 delineate requirements for efficiency, controls, pools, and heat traps for storage tanks. Section 8. Power Requirements (ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 8.4.1) Section 84 describes mandatory provisions coveringvoltage drops in the power distribution system. There are no prescriptive provisions for this section. Section 9. Lighting Requirements (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) Section 9 outlines guidelines for replacement lighting systems and new systems. If the scope of the lightingwork will replace less than halfofthe odsting tortures with new ones andwill use no additional power, all other provisions of the section apply. Section 9 specifies the same mandatory provisions and prescriptive requirements for either the building area method or space-by-space method. Section 94 describes the mandatory provisions for controls (941), including automatic lighting shutoff, space controls, exterior lighting controls, task lighting, tandem wiring (9.42); exit signs (9.4.3); and exterior building and grounds lighting (9.44 and 945). Pay special attention to Section 941, Lighting Control. Buildings larger than 5,000 square feet must have an automatic control device to shut off all lighting in the building. The shut-off device maybe a programmable control to schedule time-of-day control for areas no greater than 25,000 square feet but no less than every floor. The approach may use occupant sensors to turn lights off after 30 minutes of no activity or a signal from another control or alarm system that indicates the area is unoccupied. EA Prerequisite 2 does not preclude using any of the exceptions provided in Section 941.1 for 24-hour operations, patient care areas, and where automatic shutoff would endanger the safety or security of occupants. A space control device must be provided in each area enclosed by ceiling-height partitions. Any device that must be turned on manually must be readily accessible and visible to users. Shared spaces (such as classrooms, conference and meeting rooms, and employee lunch and break rooms) must be equipped with a control that turns lights off within 30 minutes after occupants leave. In all other spaces, a device may be turned on manually or controlled by an occupancy sensor. Rooms smaller than 10,000 square feet must have at least 1 control for every2,50o square feet, and rooms larger than 10,000 square feet must have least 1 every 10,000 square feet. If the control can override the time-of- day scheduled shutoff control, the override should be limited to 4 hours. LEED for Commercial Interiors recognizes additional lighting controls in EA Credit 1.2, Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting, for daylight-responsive controls, and EQ Credit 6.1, Controllability of Systems—Lighting, for individual controls for task lighting and shared controls in multioccupant spaces. The function of these additional controls must comply with ASHRAE go.1-2007. The building area method of demonstrating compliance uses the building area types listed in Table 9.5.1 of ASH RAE 90.1-2007. The interior lighting power allowance is determined by multiplying the gross lighted floor area of the building type by the lighting power density value in the associated table. More than sbuilding area type may be used; trade-offs amongbuilding area types are permitted provided the total installed interior lighting power does not exceed the interior lighting power allowance. The space-by-space method is more flexible than the building area method and allows project teams to address each space individually. For each area, the lighting power density value in Table 9.6.t is multiplied by the square footage. The interior lighting power allowance is the sum of those results. Trade-offs among spaces are allowed provided the total proposed lighting power density is less than EA CI Prerequisite 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 141 EFTA00281680

EA CI Prerequisite 2 the sum of the lighting power budget allowances for all individual occupancies. Additional interior lighting power maybe added to the allowance for certain applications as described in Section 9.6.2. The exterior lighting power allowance is calculated by multiplying the allowed lighting power for each exterior surface (found in ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Table 945) by the total area or length associated with that surface, summing the results, and then multiplying this number by 1.05. For exterior lighting surfaces, the allowed lighting power can be used only for the specific application; it cannot be traded among surfaces or with other exterior lighting. Section 10. Other Equipment Requirements (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) Thissectionestablishes mandatoryefficiencystandardsforelectricmotors. There are no prescriptive provisions for this section. Section 11. Energy Cost Budget Method (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) The standard provides an alternative to the prescriptive approach, in which each section must be satisfied individually. The energy cost budget method requires the simulation of the proposed design and abaseline case that follows the prescriptive requirements of each section. The calculation usually requires computer modeling. The modeling must cover at least the segment of the building serviced by the same HVAC system supplying the project space. If the energy cost budget is used to demonstrate compliance with EA Prerequisite 2, note that the only permitted trade-offs are between regulated systems within the project space. Additional information about this method, as well as the performance rating method (Appendix G), is included in EA Credit 1.3, Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should start the energy simulation modeling early in the project design to gain insights for design decisions and an indication of how to achieve different levels of energy cost reductions. The mechanical or electrical engineer must coordinate with the facility manager to ensure maximum energy efficiency in the tenant space. Facilitate energy-efficient operations by working with the facility manager when projecting energy loads, as well as implementing tools for tacking and analysis. 6. Calculations For lighting power density, seethe Calculations section in EA Credit 1.1. For ENERGY STAR-qualified equipment, see the Calculations section in EA Credit 14 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ For ASHRAE compliance, list any addenda used, and retain copies of ASHRAE compliance forms. ■ If the project is using the prescriptive compliance path, assemble documentation demonstrating that the project meets all applicable requirements. ■ For lighting power density reduction, refer to the Documentation Guidance section in EA Credit 1.1. ■ For ENERGY STAR equipment, refer to the Documentation Guidance section in EA Credit 1.4. 142 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDiTU EFTA00281681

8. Examples Energy simulation software packages, such as DOE-2 or EnergyPlus, enable the creation of a representative model. Energy simulation software can be used to demonstrate compliance with the performance requirements ofASHRAE 90.1-2007, as an alternative to the prescriptive requirements. Figure t shows an example of a 3-D building model. Figure 1. Screenshot from Building Simulation Software Ow DSO tar • •11 >SS w 410 eta co tam •sx 1.6.2 riefionoK nel•alt 01401•••••• 4..m.imant ••••• 0.1•••••MO ains.a. %nag 0....•••••1/ w _ winnow. ........1 w..., I "' spoil 9. Exemplary Performance This prerequisite is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Savings achieved through energy efficiency improvements may qualify for state and local utility incentive programs. For instance, Washington State's Puget Sound Energy offers grants to customers that install efficiency upgrades to existing equipment or facilities. Grants range from several hundred dollars to more than $100,000 and typically pay for about so% of a project's cost, Ask local utility providers about the availability of incentives and rebate programs. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Provide the building operator with a breakdown of anticipated energy end uses based on any modeling results. The breakdown will provide a baseline to help operators evaluate ongoing energy consumption patterns for the project space and building. The facility manager should have an ongoing commissioning plan in place to catch any system inefficiencies. Enable linkages with EPA's ENERGY STAR software tools. Register the building with the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager tool and input basic building data (e.g., location, square footage). Analyze anticipated building energy performance using the ENERGY STAR Target Finder tool and make sure the facility owner or manager has access to this analysis. EA CI Prerequisite 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 143 EFTA00281682

EA CI Prerequisite 2 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project (bm3Wwww.usgbc.orgiprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Advanced Buildings Technologies and Practices httN/www.advancedbuildings.org This online resource, supported by Natural Resources Canada, presents energy-efficient technologies, strategies for commercial buildings, and pertinent case studies. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy http://www.aceee.org ACEEE is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing energy efficiency through technical and policy assessments; advising policymakers and program managers; collaborating with businesses, public interest groups, and other organizations; and providing education and outreach through conferences, workshops, and publications. ENERGY STAR.; Buildings Upgrade Manual http://www.energystangovfindex.cfrn? business.bus upgrade manual This manual is a strategic guide for planning and implementing energy-saving building upgrades. It provides general methods for reviewing and adjusting system control settings, plus procedures for testing and correcting calibration and operation of system components such as sensors, actuators, and control devices. New Buildings Institute, Inc. http:(Jwww.newbuildings.org The New Buildings Institute is a nonprofit, public-benefits corporation dedicated to making buildings better for people and the environment. Its mission is to promote energy efficiency in buildings through technology research, guidelines, and codes. U.S. Department of Energy, Building Energy Codes Program httpWwww.energycodes.gov The Building Energy Codes program provides comprehensive resources for states and code users, including news, compliance software, code comparisons, and the Status of State Energy Codes database. The database includes state energy contacts, code status, code history, DOE grants awarded, and construction data. The program is also updating the COMcheck-EZ compliance tool to include ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007. This compliance tool includes the prescriptive path and trade-off compliance methods. The software generates appropriate compliance forms as well. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency arid Renewable Energy http://wwweere.energy.gov This website is a comprehensive resource for U.S. Department of Energy information on energy efficiency and renewable energy and provides access to energy links and downloadable documents. Print Media ANSIJASHRAEIIESNA Standard 90.1-2007 User's Manual (ASHRAE, 2008). The ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007 User's Manual was developed as a companion document to the ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The manual explains the new standard and includes sample calculations, useful reference material, and information on the intent and application of the standard. It is abundantly illustrated and contains numerous examples and tables of reference data. It also includes a complete set of compliance forms and worksheets that can be used to document compliance with the standard. The manual is helpful to architects and engineers applying the standard to the design of buildings, plan 144 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281683

examiners and field inspectors who must enforce the standard in areas where it is adopted as code, and contractors who must construct buildings in compliance with the standard. A compact disk is included that contains electronic versions of the compliance forms found in the manual. 13. Definitions Baseline building performance is the annual energy cost for a building design intended for use as a baseline for rating above standard design, as defined in ANSIJASHRAPIESNA 90.1-2007, Appendix G. An economizer is a device used to make building systems more energy efficient. Examples include HVAC enthalpy controls, which are based on humidity and temperature. An energy simulation model, or energy model, is a computer-generated representation of the anticipated energy consumption of a building. It permits a comparison of energy performance, given proposed energy efficiency measures, with the baseline. Interior lighting power allowance is the maximum lighting power (in watts) allowed for the interior of a building. Lighting power density is the installed lighting power, per unit area. Proposed building performance is the annual energy cost calculated for a proposed design, as defined in ANSI/ASH RAE/I ESNA 90.1-2007, Appendix G. EA CI Prerequisite 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 145 EFTA00281684

146 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281685

FUNDAMENTAL REFRIGERANT MANAGEMENT a Prerequisite EA Prerequisite 3 Points Required Intent To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion. Requirements Zero use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based refrigerants in tenant heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems used within the LEED project scope of work. EA PREREQUISITE 3 2009 EDITION LEER REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 147 EFTA00281686

EA CI Prerequisite 3 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in refrigeration equipment, cause significant damage to Earth's protective ozone layer when they are released into the atmosphere. The reaction between CFC and ozone molecules in the stratosphere destroys the ozone and reduces the stratosphere's ability to absorb a portion of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. As part of the U.S. commitment to implement the Montreal Protocol, EPA has established regulations for responsible management of ozone-depleting substances. In compliance with the Montreal Protocol, CFC production in the United States ended in 1995. Not using CFC refrigerants in new equipment and implementing a phase-out of CFC-based refrigerants in existing equipment have helped slow depletion of the ozone layer. Economic Issues The standard practice in new buildings is to install equipment that does not use CFCs. However, existingbuildings may have CFC-based refrigeration equipment. Energy, demand, and maintenance savings realized from upgrading equipment may offset the cost of converting or replacing existing systems. If savings offset costs, a CFC phase-out plan must be implemented to earn this prerequisite. If savings do not offset costs, detailed calculations and the results of a qualified third-party audit must confirm that CFC conversion or replacement is economically infeasible. 2. Related Credits There are no related credits for this prerequisite. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this prerequisite. 4. Implementation Use only non-CFC-based refrigerants in all base building HVAC&R equipment built for the project; only HVAC systems built for the project are within the scope ofwork. Consider the characteristics of various CFC substitutes. Refrigerants have varying applications, lifetimes, ozone-depleting potentials (ODPs), and global- warming potentials (GWPs). Table 1 provides examples of environmental lifetimes, ODP values, and GWP values for a variety of refrigerants. Choose refrigerants that have short environmental lifetimes, small ODP values, and small GWP values. No ideal altemative for CFCs has been developed, and some alternatives are not suitable for retrofits. See EPA's list of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (http://www.epagoviozoneisnap). 148 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281687

Table 1. Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Potentials of Refrigerants (100-Year Values) ChIceofluorocarbons GDP GWP Common Building Applications CFC-11 1.0 4.680 Centrifugal chillers CFC-12 1.0 10,720 Refrigerators, chillers CFC-114 0.94 9,800 Centrifugal chillers CFC-500 0.605 7,900 Centrifugal chillers, humidifiers CFC-502 0.221 4,600 Low-temperature refrigeration Hydrochlomfluorocarbons HCFC-22 0.04 1,780 Air-conditioning, chillers HCFC-123 0.02 76 CFC-11 replacement Hydrofluccocarbons M HFC.23 -0 12,240 Ultra-low-temperature refrigeration HFC-134a - 0 1,320 CFC-12 or HCFC-22 replacement HFC-245fa - 0 1,020 Insulation agent, centrifugal chillers HFC-404A -0 3,900 Low-temperature refrigeration HFC-407C - 0 1,700 HCFC-22 replacement HFC-410A -0 1,890 Air conditioning HFC-507A -0 3,900 Low-temperature refrigeration Natural Refrigerants I Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0 1.0 Ammonia (NH3) 0 0 Propane 0 3 District Energy Systems For projects with district energy systems, specific technical guidance can be found on USGBC's Registered Project Tools (http://v/ww.usgbc.org/projecttools). Follow the guidance in effect at the time of registration. 5. Timeline and Team Consult with a mechanical engineer or HVAC&R specialist to confirm the presence of CFC-based refrigerants in the base building HVAC&R systems. If CFC-based refrigerants are located, the building owner should develop a phase-out plan and convert to less environmentally harmful refrigerants. Do not install any systems with CFC-based refrigerants. 6. Calculations There are no calculations associated with this prerequisite unless a third-party economic audit is conducted to determine feasibility of retrofitting existing equipment. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Assemble manufacturers' documentation demonstrating the type of refrigerant used by the HVAC&R systems installed within the scope of the LEED project. 8. Examples There are no examples for this prerequisite. CI Prerequisite 3 2C39 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 149 EFTA00281688

EA CI Prerequisite 3 9. Exemplary Performance There is no exemplary performance available for this prerequisite. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this prerequisite. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Provide facility operators with complete records (such as LEED application materials) for all refrigerant-containing systems, including fire suppression. Ensure that equipment labels are in place and accessible to building operators, and provide them with a copy of any CFC phase-out plan. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httplAvww.usgbc.org/prtojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites ASHRAE Service Life and Maintenance Cost Database http://wvashrae.orgidatabase This database provides current information on the service life and maintenance costs of typical HVAC equipment. Facility Management, Coping with the CFC Phase-Out This magazine's website provides various articles on the issues of CFC phase-out. U.S. EPA, Benefits of CFC Phase-Out http:/ . .._2gp_agoi f v e ozongeninfiMbenefits.html This document details the benefits of phasing out CFCs and includes brief case studies. U.S. EPA, Building Owners Save Money, Save the Earth: Replace Your CFC Mr Conditioning Chiller http://www.emgovfozoneititle6/60$/chillen 07.pdf This brochure documents the environmental and financial reasons to replace CFC chillers with new, energy-efficient equipment U.S. EPA, Ozone Layer Depletion http://wwwepa.gov/ozoneistrathome.html This website includes information about the science of ozone depletion, EPA's regulatory approach to protecting the ozone layer, and alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. U.S. EPA, Significant NewAlternatives Policy http:fiwww.emgoviozoneisnaptindex.html SNAP is an EPA program to identify alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. The program maintains up-to-date lists of environmentally-friendly substitutes for refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment, solvents, fire-suppression systems, adhesives, coatings, and other substances. Print Media BuildingSystenzs Analysis & Retrofit Manual (SMACNA0.995). CFCs, HCPC and Haloes: Professional and Practical Guidance an Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (CIBSE, 2000). The Refrigerant Manual: Managing the PhaseOut of CFCs (BOMA International, r993). 150 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281689

13. Definitions Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are hydrocarbons that are used as refrigerants and cause depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCPCs) are refrigerants that cause significantly less depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer than chlorofluorocarbons. Refrigerants are the working fluids of refrigeration cycles that absorb heat from a reservoir at low temperatures and reject heat at higher temperatures EA CI Prerequisite 3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 151 EFTA00281690

152 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281691

OPTIMIZE ENERGY PERFORMANCE-LIGHTING POWER a Credit EA Credit 1.1 Points 1.5 points Intent To achieve increasing levels of energy conservation beyond the referenced standard to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use. Requirements Reduce connected lighting power density below that allowed by ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda') usingeither the space-by-space method or by applying the whole building lighting power allowance to the entire tenant space. The points earned for reducing lighting power density below the standard are as follows: Lighting Power Density Reduction below the Standard Points 15% 1 20% 2 25% 3 30% d 35% 5 Project teams in California may use Title 24 zoos, Part 6 in place of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. Potential Technologies & Strategies Design the connected lighting power to maximize energy performance. If the project warrants, consider a computer simulation model to assess the performance and identify the most cost- effective energy efficiency measures. z Projck: wi.liittK :0 um: ASI IRAE upproved addenda the put posts of this p:e:cq eisitc nave do so ti :Lair d:ma,:ion.Addcntla mt,t Ix• znplicd consi.tyntty ai.ros, 411 1.1.: ill... etch EA CREDIT 1.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 153 EFTA00281692

CI Credit 1.1 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Energy efficiency reduces the environmental burdens associated with producing and using energy. Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are the most common source of energy used in buildings. However, these fuels are also finite resources. The process of extracting and consuming energy from fossil fuels causes many environmental impacts, including air and water pollution, land degradation, solid waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Mounting evidence connects fossil fuel-based energy use with climate change as well as serious risks to environmental and human health and safety. Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration show that buildings are responsible for almost half(48%) ofall energy consumed and greenhouse gases emitted annually.1OEPAestimates that if the energy efficiency of commercial and industrial buildings improved by 2096, the resulting greenhouse gas reductions would be equivalent to taking about 30 million vehicles off the road." In addition to fossil fuels, other sources of energy also carry environmental costs. Hydropower activities, for example, can alter aquatic ecosystems and have significant impacts on endangered species. Nuclear power plants pose an environmental threat when they are decommissioned without appropriate storage sites for spent fuel. Given both the environmental impacts inherent in most energy-production processes and our limited energy supplies, efficiency measures are an important strategy for managing the impacts of energy consumption. Economic Issues Some energy-efficiency measures may not require additional first costs. Many measures that do result in higher capital costs may generate savings from lower energy use, smaller equipment, reduced space needs for mechanical and electrical equipment, and utility rebates. These savings may vastly exceed the incremental capital costs associated with the energy-efficiency measures over the life of the project. Even seemingly small conservation measures can be significant; for instance, replacing t incandescent lamp with a fluorescent lamp will save over $30 in energy costs over the operating lifetime of the lamp." 2. Related Credits Optimal lighting systems will reduce lighting power through use of efficient systems, deliver appropriate target light levels, and incorporate daylighting to take advantage of natural light. Occupants' ability to control lighting systems can save even more energy while increasing occupants' satisfaction. Architectural strategies to increase daylighting can achieve greater energy savings through the use of daylight-responsive controls. Review the requirements in these credits: ■ EA Prerequisite z: Minimum Energy Performance ■ EA Credit 1.2: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Controls ■ IEQ Credit 6.2: Controllability of Systems—Lighting ■ IEQ Credit 8.2: Daylight and Views—Daylight Commissioning is required to ensure that lighting controls meet the design intent and are operating properly, as detailed in the following: ■ EA Prerequisite t: Fundamental Commissioning of the Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit 2: Enhanced Commissioning 154 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281693

3. Summary of Referenced Standards ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2,007: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential American National Standards Institute American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Illuminating Engineering Society of North America http:fiwwwashrae.org ANSIJASHRAWIESNA 90.1-2007 was formulated by ASHRAE under an ANSI consensus process. I ESNA is a joint sponsor of the standard. ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2.007 establishes minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings with these exceptions: single-family houses; multifamily structures of 3 habitable stories or fewer above grade; manufactured houses (mobile and modular homes); buildings that do not use either electricity or fossil fuel; and equipment and portions of buildings systems that use energy primarily for industrial, manufacturing, or commercial processes. Building envelope requirements are provided for semiheated spaces such as warehouses. 4. Implementation The connected lighting power should be designed to maximize energy performance. Consider using an energy simulation model to assess the performance of the tenant space or building. General Guidance • Although task lighting may be used to supplement general lighting, take care to balance the various illuminance requirements of the space. • Lighting controls are not limited to on-off modes; continuous dimming can be implemented based on actual daylight levels. • Use high-efficacy sources and high internal reflectances to reduce the lighting power density. This credit compares the installed interior lighting power with the interior lighting power allowance. Use either the building area method or the space-by-space method in ASHRAE 90.1-2,007. See the Calculations section for details. 5. Timeline and Team Lighting requirements should be part of the owner's project requirements and may include the lighting technologies (LED, ceramic metal halide, Ts-HO, etc.) to be considered for the intended uses of the space. The lighting designer should include in the basis of design specific footcandle target levels for each major space type. Once the lighting system has been designed, it can be helpful to complete a photometric floor plan to identify areas that will be over- or underlit and refine the lighting design. 6. Calculations Installed Interior Lighting Power The installed interior lighting power, calculated as shown by Equation 1, is the power in watts of all permanently installed general,task,and furniture lighting systems and luminaires. ASHRAE90.1- 2.007,Section 9.253, lists lighting equipment that is exempted from consideration in determining the lighting power density and therefore does not need to be included in the calculation. Note that luminaire wattages must be determined in accordance with ASH RAE 90.1-2007, Section 9.1.4. CI Credit 1.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 155 EFTA00281694

EA CI Credit 1.1 Equation 1. Installed Interior Lighting Power Installed Interior Lighting Power Luminaire Wattage by Luminaire Type = Quantity by Type of Luminaires X (watts) (watts) Building Area Method Use Equation a to determine the interior lighting power allowance according to the building area method described by ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 9.5. Begin by determining the appropriate building area types from the list in ASHRAE 90a-2007, Table 9.5.1. For each building area type, there is a corresponding allowed lighting power density (watts per square foot). Determine the interior lighting power allowance (in watts) by multiplying the allowed lighting power density of each building area type by the gross lighted floor area of that building type. Sum the interior lighting power allowances to determine the total interior lighting power allowance. Equation 2. Interior Lighting Power Allowance Using the Building Area Method Installed Interior Lighting Power Building Area Type Lighting Power = 2 Gross Lighting Floor Area (se X Allowance (watts) Density (watts/50 Space-by-Space Method In this alternative approach, defined by ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 9.6,the allowed lighting power density is determined for each space individually. Begin by determining the appropriate space area types from the list in ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Table 9.6.1. For each space type, there is a corresponding allowed lighting power density (watts per square foot). Determine the interior lighting power allowance (in watts) by multiplying the allowed lighting power density of each space area type by the gross lighted floor area of that space type. Space areas must be determined in accordance with ASH RAE 9O.1-2007, Section 9.6.1.b. Finally, sum the individual space allowances per Equation 3 to determine the total interior lighting power allowance. See Table t for an example of a completed space-by-space method calculation. Equation 3. Interior Lighting Power Allowance Using the Space-by-Space Method Interior Lighting Power Allowance Space Area Type Lighting Power = 5 Gross Lighting Floor Area (sO X (watts) Density fwattsfsf) For project teams using the space-by-space method, increases to the interior power allowance are permitted in 2 situations: for decorative appearance and for highlighting merchandise. See Section 9.6.2. Note that any additional allowances are provided onlyto the extent that they are actually used. For example, if an apparel retailer dedicates 1,000 square feet of floor area for the sale of clothing, the maximum additional allowance for the purposes of highlighting merchandise would be 3,600 watts (1,000 watts + 2.6 watts per square foot). However, if only 2400 watts of merchandise display lighting is installed (and controlled separately from the general lighting), only 2,400 watts can be claimed as additional lighting power allowance for the purposes of highlighting merchandise. All additional lighting power allowances should be added to the interior lighting power allowance calculated per Equation 3 for the final determination of lighting power reduction. No increase to the lighting power allowance is permissible with the building area method. Lighting Power Reduction To determine the lighting power reduction, subtract the installed interior lighting power from the interior lighting power allowance, being sure to include any additional lighting power allowances if the space-by-space method was used. See Equation 4. Finally, determine the percentage reduction by dividing the lighting power reduction by the interior lighting power allowance (Equation 5). 156 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281695

Projects in California may use Title 24-2005, Part 6, in lieu of ASHRAE 90.1-2007 for calculating interior lighting power reduction. Equation 4. Lighting Power Reduction Lighting Power Reduction (watts) = Interior Lighting Power Allowance Installed Interior Lighting Power (watts) (watts) Equation 5. Lighting Power Density Percentage Reduction Percentage Reduction (%) — Lighting Power Reduction (watts) Interior Lighting Power Allowance (watts) 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • For ASHRAE compliance, list any addenda used. • Assemble lighting compliance documents from the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 user's manual. • List the rated power of installed lighting systems. • List building area types or space area types with their corresponding gross floor areas. • Assemble information about additional lighting power allowances and document that the allowances apply only to lighting systems that are separate from general lighting. 8. Examples The project team for a 20,000-square-foot office building uses the space-by-space method, in which the lighting power allowance varies for individual areas. Tablet presents the calculation and indicates an overall lighting power allowance of16,440watts.Table 2. illustrates the same calculation using the building area method, in which the lighting power allowance is based on a single lighting power density applied across the entire lighted square footage. Table 1. Interior Lighting Power Allowance, Space-by-Space Method Space bpe Lighting Power Density (watts/g) Gross Area DO Lighting Power Allowance (watts) Office, enclosed 1.1 X 720 792 Office, open plan 1.1 X 16180 17798 Conference 1.3 X 850 1105 Training 1.4 X 1200 1680 Lobby 1.3 X 330 429 Corridor 0.5 X 720 360 Total floor area (s0 20000 Interior lighting power allowance (walls) 22164 Installed interior lighting power (watts) 16440 Lighting power reduction (watts) 5724 Lighting power reduction achieved (5,724/22,164) 25.8% 25.8%> 25%, 3 points earned EA CI Credit 1.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 157 EFTA00281696

CI Credit 1.1 Table 2. Interior Lighting Power Allowance. Building Area Method Building Area Type Lighting Power Density (watts/s0 Gross Area 40 Lighting Power Allowance (watts) Office 1.0 x 20000 20000 Total floor area (sf) 20000 Interior lighting power allowance (watts) 20000 Installed interior lighting power (watts) 16440 Lighting power reduction achieved (watts) 3560 Lighting power reduction achieved (8560/20.000) 17.8% 17.8% a 15%. 1 point earned 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an exemplary performance point by reducing the lighting power density 40% or more below the standard. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Building operators should consider a group relamping policy. This can significantly reduce labor costs associated with conventional spot-relamping practices. It can also permit the use of lower- energy lighting equipment, since the system light output will be maintained at or close to the design condition. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpifiwww.usgbc.orgfprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites U.S. Department of Energy, Building Energy Codes Program http://www.energycodes.gov The Building Energy Codes program provides comprehensive resources for states and code users, including news, compliance software, code comparisons, and the Status of State Energy Codes database. The database includes state energy contacts, code status, code history, DOE grants awarded, and construction data. The program is also updating the COMcheck-EZ compliance tool to include ASHRAE 90.1-2007. This compliance tool includes the prescriptive path and trade-off compliance methods. The software generates appropriate compliance forms as well. Print Media ANSIIASHRAWIESNAStandanio0.1-2007 User's Manual (ASHRAE, 2007). The ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2007 User's Manual was developed as a companion document to the ANSIJASHRAWIESNA 90.1-2007, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The manual explains the new standard and includes sample calculations, useful reference material, and information on the intent and application of the standard. It is abundantly illustrated and contains numerous examples and tables of reference data. It also includes a complete set of compliance forms and worksheets that can be used to document compliance with the standard. The manual is helpful to architects and engineers applying the standard to the designofbuildings, plan examiners and field inspectors who must enforce the standard in areas where it is adopted as code, and contractors who must constructbuildings in compliancewith the standard.Acompactdisk is includedthat contains electronic versions of the compliance fors found in the manual. 158 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281697

IESNA Lighting Handbook, ninth edition (IESNA, 2000). ANSIJIESNA RP.1.04, American National Standard Practice for Office Lighting (IESNA). 13. Definitions Interior lighting power allowance is the maximum lighting power (in watts) allowed for the interior of a building. Lighting power density is the installed lighting power, per unit area. A luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp (or lamps) with the housing designed to distribute the light, position, and protect the lamp and connect it to the power supply. Regularly occupied spaces in commercial buildings are areas where people sit or stand as theywork EA CI Credit 1.1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 199 EFTA00281698

160 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281699

OPTIMIZE ENERGY PERFORMANCE-LIGHTING CONTROLS Credit EA Credit 1.2 Points 1..3 points Intent To achieve increasing levels of energy conservation beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use. Requirements Design the project to include t or more of the following independent strategies: • Daylight controls for daylit areas: (I point) Install daylight responsive controls in all regularly occupied daylit spaces within t5 feet of windows and under skylights. Daylight controls must switch or dim electric lights in response to the presence or absence of daylight illumination in the space.' • Daylight controls for so% of the lighting load: (I point) Install daylight responsive controls for so% or more of the connected lighting load and demonstrate that so% of the connected lighting load is daylight responsive. Daylight controls must switch or dim electric lights in response to the presence or absence of daylight illumination in the space.' • Occupancy sensors: (t point) Install occupancy sensors for 7594, of the connected lighting load. AmcricanSociely of Ileatin, Rcirigauting.and Air-Conditioning Engineer>. ANSIASIIRAIOESNA Standwd twee Manual. (Atlanta. zcoS). P.9-3 EA CREDIT 1.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 161 EFTA00281700

EA CI Credit 1.2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Daylighting improves the indoor environment. Using daylight to supplement or even eliminate the need for electric lighting is generally welcomed by occupants and reduces lighting energy consumption. Utilizing controls sensitive to daylight maximizes the efficiency and savings from daylighting. When planned in conjunction with heating and air conditioning requirements, the net cost of utilities can be reduced as well. Refer to the Benefits and Issues section in EA Credit 1.1, Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Power. 2. Related Credits Refer to the Related Credits section in EA Credit 1.1. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Ideally, the use of daylight-responsive controls should be part of a larger lighting strategy. The overall strategy should optimize natural daylighting, minimize electric lighting, provide appropriate task and ambientworkingconditions,andallowoccupants to controlthe lightingof individual spaces. Consider usingbothdaylight-responsivelightingcontrols andoccupancysensors. Daylightingcontrols typically include a photosensor that initiates a control response to increase or reduce the lighting power to the luminaires. A successful design should anticipate occupants' activities, avoid drastic changes in lighting levels, and minimize glare. Ideally, the system will employ continuous dimming, although on-off, bi-level, or step-dimming devices are acceptable for the purposes of this credit. All major commercial lamp types can now be dimmed, including incandescent, fluorescent, and HID. When designing the lighting controls, consider how individual areas will be used, the relationship between luminaires and individual controls, and how the system works as a whole. Establish control zones for the areas with daylight-responsive lighting. These areas should include all perimeter areas within a radius of at least is feet from windows and areas beneath skylights. Anticipate shading from neighboring buildings and trees, and indicate their effect on the control zones. 5. Timeline and Team Consider developing a comprehensive lighting design intent during schematic design. This design intent should indicate the illuminance targets of each major space type, the overall level of daylight and occupancy responsiveness desired, and information on the type of luminaires being considered for the space. This will require coordination between the architect, electrical engineer, and lighting designer. 6. Calculations See the Calculations section in EA Credit 1.1. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Highlight daylit zones on interior lighting plans; indicate which luminaries correspond to each controller. 162 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281701

• For more complex lighting designs, where the control logic cannot easily be discerned from the interior lighting plans, create a lighting control summary indicating the combined control logic for the project lighting. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance Project teams may earn an exemplary performance point by implementing daylight-responsive controls for 75% of the connected lighting load or by installing occupancy-responsive controls for 95% of the connected lighting load. 10. Regional Variations Refer to the Regional Variations section in EA Credit 1.1. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Refer to the Operations and Maintenance section in EA Credit t.t. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme http://www.iea-shc.org Print Media Design Brief—Lighting Controls, Southern California Edison (Energy Design Resources). http://www. Daylight in Buildings: A Source Book on Daylighting Systems and Components, Chapter 5, Daylight- Responsive Controls. Advanced Lighting Guidelines, Chapter 8, Lighting Controls (New Buildings Institute, Inc., zoo* http://minv.newbuildings.orgilighting.htm. 13. Definitions Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space, used to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. Daylight-responsive lighting controls are photosensors used in conjunction with other switching and dimming devices to control the amount of artificial lighting in relationship to the amount and quality of natural daylight EA CI Credit 1.2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 183 EFTA00281702

164 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281703

OPTIMIZE ENERGY PERFORMANCE-HVAC Credit EA Credit 1.3 Points 5-10 points Intent To achieve increasing levels of energy conservation beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use. Requirement OPTION 1 Implement t or both of the following strategies: • Equipment Efficiency—(5 points) Install heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems that comply with the efficiency requirements outlined in the New Building Institute's Advanced Buildings" Core Performance" Guide Sections 1.4:Mechanical System Design, is: Mechanical Equipment Efficiency and 3.10: Variable Speed Control. • Appropriate Zoning and Controls: (5 points) Zone tenant fit out of spaces to meet the following requirements: • Every solar exposure must have a separate control zone. • Interior spaces must be separately zoned. • Private offices and special occupancies (conference rooms, kitchens, etc.) must have active controls capable of sensing space use and modulating the HVAC system in response to space demand. OR OPTION 2 Reduce design energy cost compared with the energy cost budget for regulated energy components described in the requirements of ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA Standard go.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda') AND PATH 1 (5 points) Demonstrate that HVAC system component performance criteria used for tenant space are 15% better than a system in minimum compliance with ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA Standard 9o.1-zoo7 (with errata but without addenda.). OR PATH 2 (10 points) Demonstrate that HVAC system component performance criteria used for tenant space are 3o% better than a system that is in minimum compliance with ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 (with errata but without addenda'). EA CREDIT 1.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 165 EFTA00281704

CI Credit 1.3 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Conventional forms of energy production often have detrimental environmental effects. Producing electricity from fossil fuels pollutes air and water, hydroelectric plants can make waterways uninhabitable for indigenous fish, and nuclear power has safety concerns, as well as problems with disposal of spent fuel. Using less energy reduces greenhousegas emissions, limits the impact of natural resource extraction activities, and prevents water pollution, benefitting environmental and human health. Economic Issues Many energyefficiency measures do not require additional first costs. Those measures that do result in higher initial costs often create savings from lower energy use over the building's lifetime, downsized equipment, reduced mechanical space needs, and utilityrebates. These savings can dwarf the increased first costs. Payback periods for off-the-shelf energy efficiency measures are generally short. Even seemingly small conservation measures can be significant. Replacing t incandescent lampwith an ENERGY STAR-qualified light avoids 490 pounds of greenhouse gas emissions over its lifetime or the combustion of more than 200 pounds of coal.'3This substitution also saves more than $30 in energy costs over the operating lifetime of the lamp". 2. Related Credits EA Credit 1.3, Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC, is related to several ventilation and thermal comfort credits because of the energy required to operate mechanically driven comfort systems. Additionally, system controllability should be incorporated with the HVAC system design to achieve a careful balance between comfort and energy performance. These topics are covered in the following credits: ■ IEQ Prerequisite Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance ■ IEQ Credit t: Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring ■ IEQ Credit 2: Increased Ventilation ■ IEQ Credit 6.z Controllability of Systems—Thermal Comfort ■ IEQ Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design ■ IEQ Credit 7.2: Thermal Comfort—Verification 3. Summary of Referenced Standards New Buildings Institute, Advanced Buildings' Core Performance" Guide The Advanced Buildings program is a prescriptive plan for exceeding the energy performance requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2004. It offers a predictable alternative to energy performance modeling and a simple set of criteria for significantly increasing building energy performance. The program updates and replaces the Advanced Buildings Benchmarked program. Core Performance is calibrated to exceed the requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 in all climate zones. Information about the Core Performance program requirements and a range of additional reference material are available at http://www.advancedbuildints.net Several aspects ofthe Core Performance program overlapwithotherLEED credits and prerequisites. Following the Core Performance program is not an alternative path to achieving any LEED credits except EA Credit 1.3, Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC, but Core Performance may facilitate earning other LEED credits and prerequisites. 166 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281705

American National Standards Institute/ASHRAEfilluminating Engineering Society of North America Standard 90.1-2007: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential American National Standards Institute American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Illuminating Engineering Society of North America http:J/www.ashrae.org ANSIJASHRAWIESNA Standard 90.1-2007 was formulated by ASHRAE under an ANSI consensus process. IESNA is a joint sponsor of the standard. ANSIJASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 establishes minimum requirements for the energy- efficient design of buildings, with these exceptions: single-family houses; multifamily structures of 3 habitable stories or fewer above grade; manufactured houses (mobile and modular homes); buildings that do not use either electricity or fossil fuel; and equipment and portions of buildings systems that use energy primarily for industrial, manufacturing, or commercial processes. Building envelope requirements are provided for semiheated spaces such as warehouses. The energy cost budget method (Section 11) allows the project team to exceed some of the prescriptive requirements provided energy cost savings are made in other areas. However, in all cases, the mandatory provisions must still be met. 4. Implementation OPTION 1. Equipment Efficiency and Zoning Controls The equipment efficiency approach draws from Sections 1.4, 2.9, and 3.10 of the Advanced Buildings Core Performance Guide. Section 1.4 covers mechanical system design intended to closely match actual building loads and to meet ASH RAE 55; Section z.8 covers lighting power density (LPD) by interior space types with specifications not exceeding the Advanced Buildings minimum LPD table; Section 3.10 covers the installation of ENERGY STAR-labeled cool roofs. Follow the requirements laid out in the Core Performance Guide to reduce operating costs, urban heat island effect, and energy use and to maximize occupants' comfort. Small private spaces intended for single, temporary occupancy (e.g., for making confidential telephone calls) may be included as part of a larger thermal zone, since changes in occupancy will not cause large swings in the heating and cooling loads. OPTION 2. Comparison with ASHRAE 90.1-2007 In this option, compare the design annual energy cost with the annual energy cost based on meeting the minimum ASHRAE 90.1-2007 requirements. Only energy costs for space heating, space cooling,and associated fans and pumps are considered; however, the performance ofthese systems is influenced by the performance of other building systems. To determine the reduction in annual costs for the project area, consider the entire building area that is served by the HVAC plant for the project in the evaluation, since the building design and operations beyond the project space influence the design and operation of the HVAC plant. Energy-Efficient Buildings Landscaping protects a building from wind and provides shade, which helps reduce the heat island effect. Characteristically, buildings oriented along an east-west axis obtain the most effective exterior shading. Confirm that the selected building is weather tight and meets code-minimum insulation levels. Lighting accounts for a major portion of a commercial building's energy budget. Efficient lighting in common areas, inside and out, reduces costs. Confirm that the owner has established lighting density standards for all tenant spaces. EA CI Credit 1.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 187 EFTA00281706

EA CI Credit 1.3 Consider the availability of natural light for daylighting and opportunities for natural ventilation. Windows high on walls, clerestories, and light shelves will maximize daylight penetration into a space. Light pipes or fiber optic devices can be used to introduce daylight in less accessible spaces. Inspect the existing HVAC system. Discuss opportunities for specifying high efficiency HVAC equipment with the building owner. When included in the project scope, specify high-performance chillers and boilers with optimal part-load operation (e.g., variable-speed chillers and boilers with modulating burners). Specify high-efficiency motors for all applications and variable-speed drives for fans, chillers, and pumps. Confirm that a building energy management system exists and is functional. If the project space is part of a larger building, determine whether the building controls interface with the functions within the project area. A good energy management system will facilitate smooth building startups and shutdowns and optimize efficiency and occupant comfort. 5. Timeline and Team The owner and project team should thoroughly research the energy efficiency of potential tenant spaces. Review energy and water utility bills and develop, ideally, a 3-year history of use. Seek clarification on how utilitieswill be prorated in a multitenant building. 6. Calculations OPTION 1. Equipment Efficiency and Zoning Controls If the building has no separate method for modulating the HVAC system in response to space demand, such as demand-controlled ventilation or modulation of the HVAC system tied to occupant sensor controls, Meet the following criteria ■ The system must be capable of modulating air-handling units (AHUs) and zone minimum supply volume below 0.30 cubic feet per minute per square foot of supply volume for standard variable air volume (VAV) terminals, or below as% of the peak design flow rate for fan-powered VAV boxes. For spaces where the minimum outdoor air flow exceeds the minimum supply volumes specified here, use occupant sensors or demand-controlled ventilation to achieve these minimum supply volumes. ■ The building control system must include controls for fan static pressure reset. ■ The mandatory requirements ofASHRAE90.1-2007 and ASHRAE 62.1-2007 must be met. OPTION 2. Comparison with ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Option 2 rewards reductions in the annual cost for electricityand fuel to drive the HVAC system. The project team compares the results from 2. simulation models, tbased on the actual design and a second, similar model based on meting all applicable mandatory and prescriptive provisions of ASHRAE90.1-2007. The standardhas zenergycomparison methods,both ofwhich are appropriatefordemonstrating energy cost savings to eam this credit. The energy cost budget method, found in Section ti of the standard, allows projects to trade off energy performance between building systems as long as the calculated annual energy cost is no greater than that for the budget case. The performance rating method, found in Appendix G, was developed to rate the energy efficiency of buildings relative to a baseline that represents "typical" construction practices. The methods differ in the way they identify the budget or baseline HVAC system. Mother important difference is that the energy cost budget does not recognize energy-efficient design of air distribution systems, and the performance rating method does. 168 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281707

Both methods include all end-use load components, including exhaust fans, parking garage ventilation, snow-melt and freeze-protection equipment, façade lighting, swimming pool heaters and pumps, elevators and escalators, refrigeration, and cooking. An end use that does not affect trade-offs between systems can be excluded from the energy cost budget. Fora typical Commercial Interiors project, where the project space is only 1 of several tenants being served by a common HVAC system, the energy cost budget method is adequate and more direct. The performance rating method is considered more rigorous and comprehensive and is more appropriate for projects using unconventional HVAC systems. Option z involves modifying the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 modeling requirements. The relationship of the energy end use to the calculations is shown in Tablet, and the modifications to the modeling requirements are listed in Table a. The referenced sections and terminology in the tables and the following narrative are for the energy cost budget method. Table 1. Energy End Uses for Option 2, Modeling Calculation Using ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 11 Energy End Uses Design Case Design Energy Cost DEC Baseline Case Energy Cost Budget ECB Heating Needed to model DEC Used in Option 2 calculation Needed to model ECB Used in Option 2 calculation Fans/Pumps Needed to model DEC Used in Option 2 calculation Needed to model ECB Used in Option 2 calculation Lighting Needed to model DEC But Costs are Not Included Needed to model ECB But Costs are Not Included Plug and Process loads Needed to model DEC But Costs are Not Included Needed to model ECB But Costs are Not Included Service Water Heating May be used to model DEC But Costs are Not Included May be used to model ECB But Costs are Not Included Miscellaneous Loads Not required Not required STEP 1. Select a Modeler The calculation will likely require energy simulation modeling. Sections 11.2 and G2.2 detail the requirements and software. Project teams may find that their logical first step is to identify an individual or firm with experience in energy modeling. STEP 2. Determine the Building Segment The simulation should generally involve more than just the project space and model the building segment that is served by the common HVAC system. For example, if the project area takes up the third floor of a s-story building and the building has a single central plant, the entire building should be modeled. STEP 3. Select a Modeling Method Decidewhich modeling method to use. The energy cost budget (Section ii) is less demanding and may entail less cost. However, some host buildings (particularly those that are LEED certified) may already have been modeled using the performance rating method (Appendix G), and much of the work may be completed. STEP 4. Obtain Building Information Unless an earlier energy simulation modeling run and report are available, the modeler and the project mechanical engineer or architect should review the as-built drawings of the building and scout the premises to determine the existing conditions for at least the segment of the building with which the project area shares a common central HVAC system. The existing building envelope is used for the entire building segment being modeled, EA CI Credit 1.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 189 EFTA00281708

EA CI Credit 13 including the project area. Determine the edsting conditions for operational schedules, lighting, HVAC systems and zones, and possibly service hot water systems for the rest of the building segment. Information should include the quantity of fenestration and its exposure, the thermal conductivity of all exterior walls, windows and doors, the type of HVAC system, and the size and efficiency of the HVAC components. For the occupied areas other than the project space,document the type of occupancyand operation schedule. Estimate the existing lighting and plug loads for these areas. Obtain other relevant information as necessary. STEP 5. Model the Design Case For the project area, use the edsting building envelope, but for heating, cooling, fans and pump, lighting and plug loads, and (if needed) service water heating, use the project design. Any modifications to the HVAC central plant being made in conjunction with the project should be included in the design case. These changes do not have to be within the project area or part of the project's contractual scope of work if they are being done for the project occupants' benefit. Including these changes should improve the performance being measured under this credit If the project has attained SS Credit 1, Site Selection, Option 2, Path 10, Water Use Reduction-30%, or WE Credit 1, Water Use Reduction, the design case may reflect the reduced volumes of water for service hot water systems. The HVAC energy costs should not include the energy costs associated with service hot water systems. For the rest of the building segment, use the existing conditions. Together, the results will generate the design energy cost (DEC). Follow Section 11 or Appendix G and the additional information in Table 2. Table 2. Option 2 Procedure ASHRAMENSA 90.1 Section Design Energy Cost Model DEC Energy Cost Budget Model ECB 1. Design Model Follow Table 11.3.1, using the proposed design of the project space, and the existing conditions for the balance of the modeled building segment, as field verified (step 0 in the procedure) for the design case. Baseline Case: Follow Table 11.3.1, using the mandatory and prescriptive requirements for the project space, but use the existing conditions for the balance of the modeled building segment. Alternative Baseline Case: Follow Table 11.3.1, using the mandatory and prescriptive requirements for both the project space and the balance of the modeled building segment. 2. Additions and Alterations Follow Table 11.3.1. See (b) concerning the exclusion of HVAC systems not part of the modeled building segment. Follow Table 11.3.1 3. Space Use Classification Follow Table 11.3.1 Follow Table 11.3.1 4. Schedules Follow Table 11.3.1 when field verification can not be attained. Use the same schedule for DEC. ECB and A-ECB. 5. Building Envelope Follow Table 11.3.1, using the proposed design of the project space, and the existing envelope conditions for the balance of the modeled building segment, as field verified (step 4 in the procedure) for the design case. Baseline Case Follow Table 11.3.1, using the proposed design of the project space, and the existing envelope conditions for the balance of the modeled building segment. Alternative Baseline Case: Follow Table 11.3.1, using the mandatory and prescriptive requirements, as described. for the baseline case. 170 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281709

6. Lighting Follow Table 11.3.1, using the proposed design of the project space, and the field verified lighting for the balance of the modeled building segment. Baseline Case- For the project space, use either 9.5 or 9.6; for the balance of the modeled building segment, use the same values used in the DEC model. Alternative Baseline Case: For both the project space and the balance of the modeled building segment, use either 9.5 or 9.6. 7. 8. 9. Thermal Blocks Follow Table 11.3.1 Same as DEC model. 10. HVAC Systems Follow Table 11.3.1, using the proposed design of the project space, and the field verified HVAC system information of the central plant when existing. Follow Table 11.3.1, which references Figure 11.3.2, Table 11.3.2A 11. Service Hot Water Systems Follow Table 11.3.1. If the project space has attained WE Credit 1. the model may reflect the reduced volumes. If the building has attained SS Credit 1 Option J. the model may reflect the reduced volumes. Follow Table 11.3.1 12 Miscellaneous Loads Follow Table 11.3.1. If the project space anticipates attaining EA Credit 1.4, the DEC may use a latter value reflecting the actual plug load planned for the project area. In the balance of the modeled building segment, use the field verified plug load (step 4 in the procedure). End-uses excluded in Section 13 and 14 of Table 11.3.1 may be excluded: these include exhaust fans, parking garage ventilation fans, exterior building lighting, swimming pool heaters and pumps, elevators and escalators, refrigeration equipment and cooking equipment. Project Space: Follow Table 11.3.1. If the project space anticipates attaining EA Credit 1.4. the ECB shall use a higher plug load value reflecting the occupancy type. If EA Credit 1.4 is not being pursued, use the same plug value in both the DEC and ECB. Balance of the modeled building segment: ECB: Use existing plug load values; A-ECB: Use a higher plug load value reflecting the occupancy type. Both ECB and A-ECB: End-uses excluded in Section 13 and 14 of Table 11.3.1 may be excluded. STEP 6. Model the Baseline Case The baseline case is calculated by replacing the design conditions of the project area with the standard's mandatory and prescriptive requirements. For lighting, use either the building area method (Table 9.5.1) in or the space-by-space method (Section 9.6) in ASH RAE 90.1-2007. For the baseline HVAC model (no modifications to the central plant), change only those items within the project areato the mandatory and prescriptive requirements of the standard. Follow the requirements outlined in Table 11.3.1 of Section nor Table G.3.1 in Appendix G of the standard, and the additional notes in Table 2. Model the rest of the building segment using the same existing building conditions used in the design case. If modifications to the central plant are included in the design case modeling, replace them in thebaseline case with the mandatoryand prescriptive equivalent For example, ifpumpswere replaced with efficiencies higher than required, use the required equivalent in the baseline model. If extensive HVAC revisions have been made, followthe procedure outlined in Section It or Appendix G, using Figure 11.3.2 or Table G3.1.1 to determine the budget building design criteria. If using Section 11, the baseline budget building condenser cooling source may be defined as air, regardless of the proposed design, if the changed cooling equipment has less than 150 tons of cooling capacity. This exception is made to encourage the specification of more efficient water-based cooling systems over air-based cooling systems in smaller equipment sizes. Document the choices made in the narrative included with the submittal. EA CI Credit 1.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 171 EFTA00281710

EA CI Credit 13 STEP 6A. Model an Alternative Baseline Case In the above method, the differential between the DEC and energy cost budget increases as the energy efficiency of the building decreases. This could make it easier to reach the credit thresholds in a less efficient building. So as not to penalize project teams that have wisely located in a highly energy-efficient building—perhaps a building already LEED certified—an alternative baseline method is provided. If the existing conditions are more energy efficient than the prescriptive requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2007, replace the existing conditions in the baseline model with the ASH RAE 90.1-2007 requirements. Basethe credit calculations oneither baseline. Document the choice in the narrative included with the submittal; if results for both baselines were generated, consider submitting both. STEP 7. Calculate the Energy Reduction Because of the 2 possible baseline cases, there are 2 energy reduction calculations. The reduction for the model baseline case uses ASHRAE 90.1-2007 mandatory and prescriptive requirements in the project area and edstingconditions in the balance of the modeled building segment, as shown in Equation 1. It corrects for the area relationship between the project space and the modeled building segment. The reduction for the alternative baseline, potentially more generous if the building is highly efficient, is shown in Equation 2. No adjustment is made for the project-to-building segment area because the calculation evaluates the overall performance of the HVAC system. Equation 1. Percent Annual HVAC Energy Cost Reduction Baseline: Project Area - ANSI/ AHRAE/IESNA 90.t mandatory and prescriptive requirements Balance of modeled Building Segment - Existing Conditions ECBmt — DECK& Reduction = EC8 NyAC X Project Area Total Segment Area Equation 2. Percent Annual HVAC Energy Cost Reduction Alternate Baseline: Both Project Area and Balance of Modeled Building Segment - ANSI/ AHRAE/IESNA 90.1 mandatory and prescriptive requirements Reduction — A-ECB„wc — DEC„µ.,c A-ECB,„„c 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ List locations and functions of HVAC system automatic controls or sensors. ■ Document potential energy savings per control and reasons for zone distribution. ■ For cost-budget compliance, list the proposed design energy by end use, associated peak demand, and cost. Additionally, list baseline costs by energy type. 172 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281711

8. Examples Table 3 illustrates a calculation using Option 2 and the energy cost budget method. The baseline case and alternative baseline are both shown. Using the baseline case, the design case results in a 36.3% reduction. Using the alternative baseline, the design case has a 15.8% reduction. Table 3. HVAC Energy Cost Reduction, Energy Cost Budget HVAC Energy Uses Design Case Energy Type Electric (kWh) Gas run Energy Use (10 Btu) Annual Cost ($) Space Heating Natural Gas 4,500 455,000 $3.223 Space Cooling Electric 240.300 819,904 $16.800 Fans/Pumps Electric 120.150 409,952 Wimp Design Energy Cost HVAC (DEC, ) ,,,c $28.421 Baseline Case Project Area - Code Balance - Existing Conditions Space Heating Natural Gas 4,575 457,500 $3.239 Space Cooling Electric 270,000 921,240 $18,876 Fans/Pumps Electric 122,000 416,264 $8,529 Baseline Energy Cost Budget HVAC (ECBFroc) $30,645 Reduction = (ECBwaz - DECwoz)/ ECB.rmc x (Project Are / Total Segmen Area) Reduction = ($30.645 - $28,421)1($30,645 x 120.000 ft / 100.000 ftil Reduction = 36.3% 36.3% > 30% 2 Points Earned Alternate Baseline Project Area - Code Balance - Cade Space Heating Natural Gas 5,200 520,000 $3,682 Space Cooling Electric 295.000 1,006,540 $20,624 Fans/Pumps Electric 460,620 $9,438 Alternate Baseline Energy Cost Budget HVAC (A-ECBMV1c) $33.744 Reduction = (A.ECI3Hue- DECHnt )/ A-Ea:tom) Reduction = ($33.744 - $28,421)/533,744 Reduction = 15.8% 15.8%> 15% 1 Point Earned 9. Exemplary Performance Projects that use Option a and demonstrate that HVAC system component performance for the tenant space is 33% more efficient than a system that is in minimum compliance with ASHRAE 90.1- 2007 are eligible to earn 1 point under Innovation in Design. 10. Regional Variations Regional variance is already incorporated in ASH RAE 90.1-2007, which accounts for 8 climate zones and 3 climate subzones and their minimum envelope and glazing property requirements. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Sic the ( terations and Maintenance section in EA Credit LI. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (www.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. EA CI Credit 1.3 2C39 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 173 EFTA00281712

EA CI Credit 13 Websites DOE-a This comprehensive energyanalysis program predicts the hourly performance of a building's energy use and utility costs. ENERGY START httpq .erieaarov ENERGYSTARisagovemment-industrypartnershipmanagedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. The program's website offers energy management strategies, benchmarking software tools for buildings, product procurement guidelines, and lists of ENERGY STAR-qualified products and buildings. National Renewable Energy Program, Energy-to http:fiwww.nrel.Sbuildinpfenergyto.html ENERGY-to is an award-winning software tool for designing low-energy buildings. ENERGY-to integrates daylighting, passive solarheating, and low-energy cooling strategies with energy-efficient shell design and mechanical equipment. The program is applicable to commercial and residential buildings of 10,000 square feet or less. U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program http:/ mcksar The Building Energy Codes program provides comprehensive resources for states and code users, including code comparisons, compliance software, news, and the Status of State Energy Codes database. The database includes state energy contacts, code status, code history, Department of Energygrants awarded, and construction data. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://wvLeere.energy.govibuildingsi This extensive website for energy efficiency is linked to a number of DOE-funded sites that address buildings and energy. Of particular interest is the tools directory that includes the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Tool for estimating end-use consumption in commercial buildings. The tool allows the user to define a set of buildings by principal activity, size, vintage, region, climate zone, and fuels (main heat, secondary heat, cooling, and water heating), and to view the resulting energy consumption and expenditure estimates in tabular format. Print Media ANSIIASHRAE/IESNAStandani90.1-2007 User's Manual (ASHRAE, zoo7). The ANSIJASHRAWIESNA 90.1-2007 User's Manual was developed as a companion document to ANSI/ASHRAWIESNA90.1-2007 (Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings). The User's Manual explains the new standard and includes sample calculations, useful reference material, and information on the intent and application of the standard. It is abundantly illustrated and contains numerous examples and tables of reference data. It also includes a complete set ofcompliance forms andworksheets that can be used to document compliance with the standard. The manual is helpful to architects and engineers who must apply the standard to the design of the buildings, plan examiners and field inspectors who must enforce the standard in areas where it is adopted as code, and contractors who must construct buildings in compliance with the standard. A compact disk is included that contains the EnvStd .4.0 Computer Program for performing building envelope trade-offs plus electronic versions of the compliance forms found in the manual. IESNA Lighting Handbook, ninth edition (IESNA, 2000). Mechanical and Electrical Systemsfor Buildings,fourthedition,byBenjaminStein andJohn S. Reynolds (John Wiley & Sons0992.). 174 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281713

Sustainable Building Technical Manual (Public Technology, Inc.,996). httpWwww.pti.org. Advanced Buildings: Eneigy Benchmarkfor Hth Performance Buildings (E-Benchmark) (New Buildings C Institute'.. EA 13. Definitions An economizer is a device used to make building systems more energy efficient. Examples include HVAC enthalpy controls, which are based on humidity and temperature. An energy simulation model, or energy model, is a computer-generated representation of the anticipated energy consumption of a building. It permits a comparison of energy performance, given proposed energy efficiency measures, vith the baseline. Credit 1.3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 175 EFTA00281714

176 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281715