Epstein Secrets

for all sensible quantum field theories, except for Yang-Mills-type gauge theories. Gross now took on a new graduate student, twenty-one-year-old Frank Wilczek, who had come to Princeton from the University of Chi- cago planning to study mathematics, but who switched to physics after taking Gross's graduate

her lucky or astute because he served as the graduate supervisor of probably the two most remarkable intellects among physi- cists in my generation, Wilczek and Edward Witten, who helped lead the string theory revolution in the 198os and '9os and who is the only physicist ever to win the prestigious Fie

Strong Interactions." Sakurai took the 2P_GrealestSleryEverTold_AC.indd 192 12/16116 3:06 PIA EFTA00286114 Living inside a Superconductor 193 Yang-Mills suggestion seriously and tried to explore precisely which photonlike particles might convey a strong force between protons and neutrons and the oth

ited to try to make sense of the otherwise complex inter- actions between nucleons and other particles. In response to this notion that some kind of Yang-Mills symmetry might be behind the strong interaction, Murray Gell-Mann developed an elegant symmetry scheme he labeled in a Zen-like fashion the Eight-

.0708. [9] A. De Simone. M. P. Hertzberg. and F. Wilczek. Phys.Lett. B678. 1 (2009). arXiv:0812.4946. [1

S. R. Coleman and E. J. Weinberg, Phys.Rev. D7. 1888 (1973). [50] D. I. Kaiser. Phys.Rev. D81.084044 (2010), arXiv:1003.1159. 151] L. M. Krauss and E Wilczek. Phys.Rev. D89. 047501 (2014). arXiv:1309.5343. [52] B. M. Kastening. Phys.Lett. 11283, 287 (1992). [53] M. Bando. T Kugo, N. Maekawa. and H. Naka

ulations typically involve spurious gauge dependence that cancels when physical ob- servable arc calculated. For example, in a spontaneously broken Yang-Mills theory one may work in the renormaliz- able class of gauges (RO upon augmenting the Lagrangian with a gauge fixing term Cgi = —G°Ga/2 where = (1/

S. R. Coleman and E. J. Weinberg, Phys.Rev. D7, 1888 (1973). 50] D. I. Kaiser. Phys.Rev. D81, 084044 (2010), arXiv:1003.1159. 51] L. M. Krauss and F Wilczek, Phys.Rev. D89. 047501 (2014), arXiv:1309.5343. 52] B. M. Kastening. Phys.Lett. B283. 287 (1992). 53] M. Bando. T. Kugo, N. Maekawa. and H. Nakano

ulations typically involve spurious gauge dependence that cancels when physical ob- servable are calculated. For example, in a spontaneously broken Yang-Mills theory one may work in the renormaliz- able class of gauges (RE) upon augmenting the Lagrangian with a gauge fixing term Cil = —GaG a /2 where G a