Epstein Secrets

s would leave only the photon left over as a massless gauge boson. But there's more. By virtue of the gauge symmetry he introduced, Weinberg's new Higgs particle would also interact with electrons, and when the condensate formed, the effect would be to give electrons a mass as well as the W and Z pa

a revolutionary. But reluctant revolutionary he was, although, due to some shortsighted journal editors, he almost didn't get the chance. In 1960 Higgs had just taken up his post and had been asked to serve on the committee that coordinated the first Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics.

Strong Interactions." Sakurai took the 2P_GrealestSleryEverTold_AC.indd 192 12/16116 3:06 PIA EFTA00286114 Living inside a Superconductor 193 Yang-Mills suggestion seriously and tried to explore precisely which photonlike particles might convey a strong force between protons and neutrons and the oth

ited to try to make sense of the otherwise complex inter- actions between nucleons and other particles. In response to this notion that some kind of Yang-Mills symmetry might be behind the strong interaction, Murray Gell-Mann developed an elegant symmetry scheme he labeled in a Zen-like fashion the Eight-

t be high. lint x 2 x 1016 GeV. Higgs Inflation generally predicts a small amplitude of tensor perturbations. and therefore it is natural to ask if Higgs Inflation might accommodate this new measurement. We find the answer is essentially no, unless one considers either extreme fine tuning. or possibly

well-known vacuum stability problem of the Standard Model [26]. Successful HI requires an O(2e) deviation from central values toward either larger Higgs boson mass or smaller top quark mass. Gauge dependence enters the calculation at two places: ex- plicitly in the one-loop correction to the effectiv

ulations typically involve spurious gauge dependence that cancels when physical ob- servable are calculated. For example, in a spontaneously broken Yang-Mills theory one may work in the renormaliz- able class of gauges (RE) upon augmenting the Lagrangian with a gauge fixing term Cil = —GaG a /2 where G a

t be high, Via Az 2 x 101° GeV. Higgs Inflation generally predicts a small amplitude of tensor perturbations. and therefore it is natural to ask if Higgs Inflation might accommodate this new measurement. We find the answer is essentially no. unless one considers either extreme fine tuning. or possibly

well-known vacuum stability problem of the Standard Model [26). Successful HI requires an O(2o) deviation from central values toward either larger Higgs boson mass or smaller top quark mass. Gauge dependence enters the calculation at two places: ex- plicitly in the one-loop correction to the effectiv

ulations typically involve spurious gauge dependence that cancels when physical ob- servable arc calculated. For example, in a spontaneously broken Yang-Mills theory one may work in the renormaliz- able class of gauges (RO upon augmenting the Lagrangian with a gauge fixing term Cgi = —G°Ga/2 where = (1/