Epstein Secrets

ir reponing decisions. Victim age is unrelated to police reporting (Bachman. 1998: Clay-Warner & Bun. 2005; Fisher, Daigle. Cullen. & Turner. 2003; Golding. Siegel. Sorenson. Bumam. & Stein. 1989: Lizotte, 1985), education is negatively related to rape reporting (Lizotte. 1985; Pino & Meier. 1999), and

.e.. self-label) as rape victims if they believe that physical force or weapons are essential elements of rape/sexual assault (Fisher et al.. 2003: Littleton. Axsom, Breitkopf, & Berenson. 2006). Physical force by assailants (Bachman. 1993; Du Mont. Miller, & Myhr. 2003: Russell & Bolen. 2000). presence o

st widely underreported violent crime and second, victims typically do not seek help after coercive sexual encounters (Fisher et al., 2003; Siegel, Golding, Stein, Bumam, & Sorenson, 1990). Second, statistics from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) indicate that only 19.1% of the women

Cap Survey, a web-based. online survey tool. Online surveys have been established as an effective means of obtaining a large sample of rape victims (Littleton, 2007, 2010). Setting Data were collected via an online survey. A web-based procedure was chosen as it has several benefits. First, the use of a

on. & Planty. 2013). However, research shows that the majority of survivors do eventually disclose to someone (Ahrens, Stanscll, & Jennings, 2010; Golding, Siegel, Sorenson, Burnam, & Stein, 1989; Neville & Pugh, 1997). Disclosure most often occurs weeks. months, or years after the assault (Dunleavy &

nts and Disclosure Recipients Typef Method Key Findings Helpful responses Unhelpful responses Recommendations Lasing (2005) United States Littleton (2010) United States Long. Ullman. Long. Mason. and Starzynski (2007) United States Nana a al. (1996) Australia Muganyizi et al. (2009)