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gencies and resources. Saudi Arabia: Saudi King Abdullah appointed a new spy chief: Prince Khaled bin Bandar bin Abdul Aziz, the former governor of Riyadh who most recently served for 45 days as deputy defense minister. The appointment comes at a time when Saudi Arabia is keeping a close eye on the Sun
d the Levant (1511) announced the establishment of a caliphate, referring to the system of rule that ended almost a century ago with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and changed its name to "Islamic State." The group of Islamic extremists designated its chief Abu Abakr al-Baghdadi as caliph and "leader for Musl
unrest that has shaken that country since February. For more than 60 years, Saudi Arabia has been bound by an unwritten bargain: oil for security. Riyadh has often protested but ultimately acquiesced to what it saw as misguided U.S. policies. But American missteps in the region since Sept. 11, an ill
rael Let us then turn to the contemporary manifestation of Israel. Israel was recreated because of the interaction between a regional great power, the Ottoman Empire, and a global power, Great Britain. During its expansionary phase, the Ottoman Empire sought to dominate the eastern Mediterranean as well as both
in fact, U.S. presidents have been able to count on the Middle Eastern petro giant to pre-release oil in anticipation of times of war. For example, Riyadh flooded the market ahead of the first Gulf War and, though many do not remember, it also put extra oil on the market ahead of the U.S. invasion of
of Muslim solidarity against aggressive "infidels." With the formation of the Republic of Turkey, however, Kurds felt fooled and betrayed. Unlike the Ottoman Empire, this new state, whose official ideology was based on Turkish secular nationalism, would tolerate no identity other than a Turkish one. It was ther
l policy. HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_031844 --- PAGE BREAK --- 12 Article 4. The Washington Post Amid the Arab Spring, a U.S.-Saudi split Nawaf Obaid May 16 - RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA -- A tectonic shift has occurred in the U.S.-Saudi relationship. Despite significant pressure from the Obama administration to remain o
Page: HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_031845 →stward, it would move first through the Sinai and then northward along the coastal plain, securing sea lanes to Egypt. When Asia Minor powers such as the Ottoman Empire developed, there was a natural tendency to move southward to control the eastern Mediterranean. The Levant is the crossroads of continents, and Israe
Page: HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_031866 →Entities connected to both Riyadh and the Ottoman Empire

Jeffrey Epstein
PERSON
Barack Obama
PERSON
Bashar al-Assad
PERSON
United States
LOCATION
George W. Bush
PERSON
Cairo
LOCATION
Tehran
LOCATION
Bill Clinton
PERSON
Lebanon
LOCATION
Yemen
LOCATION
Benjamin Netanyahu
PERSON
Terje Rod-Larsen
PERSON
Hosni Mubarak
PERSON
Saudi Arabia
LOCATION
Damascus
LOCATION
Middle East
LOCATION
Bahrain
LOCATION
Donald Trump
PERSON
Tunisia
LOCATION
Marc Rich
PERSON