FN9. See also Paschal Wain- wright, 738 F.2d 11g, 175-76 (11th Cir.1984); Artez Mulcrone, 673 F.2d 1169, 71 (10th Cir.I982); see generally J. Nowak, R. Rotunda & J. Young, Constitu- tional Law 477-78 (2d ed. 1983); L. Tribe American Constitutional Law 477-84 (1978). We hold that application o