ived two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie (1903 radioactivity, 1911 radium). Linus Pauling (1954 the chemical bond, 1962 activism against nuclear weapons), John Bardeen (1956 transistor, 1972 for the theory of superconductivity). Fred Sanger (structure of insulin, 1980 for DNA sequencing). Einstein only got one, but

st fifty years after the discovery of quantum mechanics, on which it depends, before a fascinating physics explanation was developed by the team of John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer, in 1957. (That was same year that parity violation was observed, and that Schwinger proposed a model to try to