and avoidance coping. It is con- ceivable that they delay their disclosure as a result of rape-induced psychological distress (Starzynski, Ullman, Filipas, & Townsend, 2005), not necessarily the severity of the assault. Although the final model showed acceptable goodness of fit, the percentage of exp

0). Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: Results from a national survey. Child Abuse & Neglect. 24(2), 273 287. Starzynski, L. L, Ullman• S. E.. Filipas. H. H.. & Townsend, S. M. (2005). Correlates of women's sexual assault disclosure to informal and formal support sources. Violence and Victims, 20,

; Diaz et al., 2004; Fili- pas & Ullman, 2001; Golding et al., 1989; Mazza, Dennerstein, & Ryan, 1996; Popiel & Susskind, 1985; Starzynski, Ullman, Filipas, & Townsend, 2005; Sturza & Campbell, 2005; Ullman, 3502-017 Page 3 of 15 EFIA_00001478 EFTA00156819 Table I. Description of Included Articles.

ders including health-care providers require train- ing focused on minimizing negative and increasing positive social reactions. Starzynski, Ullman, Filipas, and Townsend (2005) recommended that becoming aware of rape myths will help formal support providers including health-care providers move beyond

ervices and report to the police than early disclosers is in line with previous studies in adult women (Ahrens et al., 2010; Ullman, 1996; Ullman & Filipas, 2001). It suggests that disclosure latency is important for public health and safety, as delayed disclosure may not only impede reception of prop

and avoidance coping. It is con- ceivable that they delay their disclosure as a result of rape-induced psychological distress (Starzynski. Ullman, Filipas. & Townsend, 2005), not necessarily the severity of the assault. Although the final model showed acceptable goodness of fit, the percentage of exp

high risk sexual behaviors (e.g., sexually transmitted disease, premature pregnancy, rape) (Nelson, 2002), and at greater risk to victimize others (Filipas and Ullman, 2006; Desai, Centers for Disease Control, 2002) who are in their control. Studies have also shown that chronic symptoms of PTSD, in ass

in victim charac- teristics (e.g., age, income level, education level, race). and the contextual characteristics of the crimes. Starzynski. Ullman. Filipas, and Townsend (2005) emphasized that deciding whom to tell about sexual assault is an important and potentially consequential decision for sexual a

olicy Research (producer). 1998. Ann Arbor. MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor). 1999. Ullman. S. E.. @ Filipas. H. H. (2001). Correlates of formal and informal support seeking in sexual assault victims. Journal ofinterpersonal Violence. 16. 1028-1047. Waller