ule. Like other minorities the Alawis, as they preferred to be called, saw the French as protectors. In 1936, six Alawi notables sent a memorandum to Leon Blum, head of France's Popular Front government, expressing their loyalty to France and their concern at negotiations leading to independence in a parliam

rning which you claim exclusive and perfect information." Looking back at the history of left- wing figures from the 1930s like the French socialist Leon Blum, he saw their central failing as the lack of "any appreciation of the possibility of evil as a constraining, much less a dominating, element in pub

ning which you claim exclusive and perfect information." Looking back at the history of left-wing figures from the 1930s like the French socialist Leon Blum, he saw their central failing as the lack of "any appreciation of the possibility of evil as a constraining, much less a dominating, element in pub