e backdrop of post-World War II modernization theory, which in turn drew on classic 19th-century European social theory articulated by academics like Edward Shils, Talcott Parsons and Walt W. Rostow. American modernization theory argued that development was a single, seamless process. Economic development, chan

ern of radical Libertarians. In his 1956 book, The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies, the sociologist Edward Shils brilliantly dissects the fascination with secrecy among individuals who fear that government agencies will use covert machinations against them. In S

cern of radical libertarians. In his 1956 book The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies, the sociologist Edward Shils brilliantly dissects the fascination with secrecy among individuals on all ends of the political spectrum who fear that government agencies will use

gged to James Risen...”-- James Risen, “Snowden Says He Took No Secret Files to Russia,” New York Times. October 17, 2013 10. “Torment of Secrecy..” Edward Shils, book The Torment of Secrecy: The Background and Consequences of American Security Policies, (Free Press, Chicago), 1956. Passim 10. “A coming “dark