reverse conditions and return to the start point. Such phase change behaviour can be modelled within non-linear dynamics and chaotic systems, see Strogatz for example [Strogatz 2000]. It remains the case that claims that equations (4.5h) and (4.6g) are equations of state, rather than simple accounting

pproaches, with lots of practical examples, is 'Nonlinear dynamics and Chaos: with Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Engineering', by Strogatz [Strogatz 2000], a good alternative is Hirsch, Smale & Devaney [Hirsch et al 2003]. Prior to either of these books, chapter eight of Keen gives a ve

t dissimilar (and a bit more fun) than the diagrams found in comparative statics. Jacobian matrices, for example, appear a third of the way through Strogatz. Although dynamic systems can be very complex and are often mathematically insoluble, there are standard approaches to analysing these systems, and

iting to keep things easy to follow. An alternative work by Hirsch, Smale & Devaney is also very good [Strogatz 2000, Hirsch et al 2003]. Following Strogatz or Hirsch, the works by either Britton or van den Berg move into the mathematics of more complex biological systems, where the Lotka-Volterra forms

good brief introduction to chaotic systems, Ruhla also gives an excellent introduction with a little more maths. 'Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos' by Strogatz is an extraordinarily well written book, giving a full understanding of highly complex systems, including the mathematics, while using lots of clear

uthor, who brings the story of calculus to life in a single narrative that spans continents, centuries, and disciplines to a dramatic climax. Writes Strogatz, "The quest to tame infinity, and to harness it toward our ends, is a narrative that runs through the whole 2,500-year story of calculus. Yet this s

a discontinuous and qualitative change in the dynamical (time-dependent) pattern of the observable (Guckenheimer and Holmes, 1993; Wiggens, 1990; see Strogatz, 1994, for a particularly intuitive description). Qualitative here means how the dynamics of the trajectory appear as a geometric-topological (relati