INTERnt, FZ !1 H I LOCI n LEED Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction Fort! 2009 Edition EFTA00281516

LEED@ 2009 for Commercial Interiors Total Possible Points** 110* Sustainable Sites 21 Water Efficiency 11 Energy & Atmosphere 37 0 Materials & Resources 14 Indoor Environmental Quality 17 'Out of a possible 100 points + 10 bonus points "Certified 40+ points, Silver 50+ points, Gold 6O+ pants, Platinum 804- points • Innovation in Oesign 6 O Regional Priority 4 800.795.1747 USGBC.org SBN 978 -932444- 8-6 90000 9 781932 4 4 4 1 8 6 EFTA00281517

flUME FEORA ME C The built environment has a profound impact on our natural environment, economy, health, and productivity. Breakthroughs in building science, technology, and operations are now available to designers, builders, operators, and owners who want to build green and maximize both economic and environmental performance. Through the LEEDtgreen building certification program, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is transforming the built environment The green building movement offers an unprecedented opportunity to respond to the most important challenges of our time, including global climate change, dependence on non sustainable and expensive sources of energy, and threats to human health. The work of innovative building professionals is a fundamental driving force in the green building moment. Such leadership is a critical component to achieving USGBC's mission of a sustainable built environment for all within a generation. USGBC MEMBERSHIP USGBC's greatest strength is the diversity of our membership. USGBC is a balanced, consensus- based nonprofit with more than 18,000 member companies and organizations representing the entire building industry. Since its inception in 1993, USGBC has played a vital role in providing a leadership forum and a unique, integrating force for the building industry. USGBC's programs have three distinguishing characteristics: Committee-based The heart of this effective coalition is our committee structure, in which volunteer members design strategies that are implemented by staff and expert consultants. Our committees provide a forum for members to resolve differences, build alliances, and forge cooperative solutions for influencing change in all sectors of the building industry. Member-driven Membership is open andbalancedand provides a comprehensive platform forcarryingout important programs and activities. We target the issues identified by our members as the highest priority. We conduct an annual review of achievements that allows us to set policy, revise strategies, and devise work plans based on members' needs. Consensus-focused We work together to promote green buildings, and in doing so, we help foster greater economic vitality and environmental health at lower costs. We work to bridge ideological gaps between industry segments and develop balanced policies that benefit the entire industry. Contact the U.S. Green Building Council moll-Street, NW Suite Soo Washington, DC 20036 www.usgbc.org 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EFTA00281518

COPYRIGHT Copyright sci 2009 by the U.S. Green Building Council. MI rights reserved. The U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. (USGBC) devoted significant time and resources to create this LEED @Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction, 2009 Edition. USGBC authorizes individual use of the Reference Guide. In exchange for this authorization, the user agrees: (t) to retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the Reference Guide, (2) not to sell or modify the Reference Guide, and C3) not to reproduce, display, or distribute the Reference Guide in any way for any public or commercial purpose, including display on a website or in a networked environment. Unauthorized use of the Reference Guide violates copyright, trademark, and other laws and is prohibited. The text of the federal and state codes, regulations, voluntary standards, etc., reproduced in the Reference Guide is used under license to USGBC or, in some instances, in the public domain. MI other text, graphics, layout, and other elements of content in the Reference Guide are owned by USGBC and are protected by copyright under both United States and foreign laws. NOTE: for downloads of the Reference Guide: Redistributing the Reference Guide on the intemet or otherwise is STRICTLY prohibited even if offered free of charge. DOWNLOADS OF THE REFERENCE GUIDE MAY NOT BE COPIED OR DISTRIBUTED. THE USER OF THE REFERENCE GUIDE MAY NOT ALTER, REDISTRIBUTE, UPLOAD OR PUBLISH THIS REFERENCE GUIDE IN WHOLE OR IN PART, AND HAS NO RIGHT TO LEND OR SELL THE DOWNLOAD OR COPIES OF THE DOWNLOAD TO OTHER PERSONS. DISCLAIMER None of the parties involved in the funding or creation of the Reference Guide, including the USGBC, its members, its contractors, or the United States government, assume any liability or responsibility to the user or any third parties for the accuracy, completeness, or use of or reliance on any information contained In the Reference Guide, or for any injuries, losses, or damages (including, without limitation, equitable relief) arising from such use or reliance. Although the information contained in the Reference Guide is believed to be reliable and accurate, all materials set forth within are provided without warranties ofany kind,eitherexpress orimplied,includingbut not limited to warranties of the accuracy or completeness of information contained in the training or the suitability of the information for any particular purpose. As a condition of use, the user covenants not to sue and agrees to waive and release the U.S. Green Building Council, its members, its contractors, and the United States government from any and all claims, demands, and causes of action for any injuries, losses, or damages (including, without limitation, equitable relief) that the user may now or hereafter have a right to assert against such parties as a result of the use of, or reliance on, the Reference Guide. U.S. Green Building Council 2101 L Street, NW Suite 500 Washington, DC 20036 II LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281519

TRADEMARK LEED° is a registered trademark of the U.S. Green Building Council. LEED Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction For the Design, Construction and Renovation of Commercial and Institutional Interiors Projects 2009 Edition ISBN # 978-t-932444-15-5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The LEED Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction, 2009 Edition, has been made possible only through the efforts of many dedicated volunteers, staff members, and others in the USGBC community. The Reference Guide drafting was managed and implemented by USGBC staff and consultants and included review and suggestions by many Technical Advisory Group (TAG) members.We especiallyextend our deepestgratitude to all ofour LEED committee members who participated in the development of this guide, for their tireless volunteer efforts and constant support of USGBC's mission: LEED Steering Committee Scot Horst, Chair, LSC Joel Ann Todd, Vice-Chair, LSC Muscoe Martin Stuart Carron Holley Henderson Christine Magar Kristin Shewfelt Jessica Millman Bryna Dunn Neal Billetdeaux Greg Kats Mark Webster Bob Thompson Malcolm Lewis John Boecker Sara O'Mara Alex Zimmerman Ian Theaker Sustainable Sites TAG Bryna Dunn, Chair Stewart Comstock, Vice-Chair Michele Adams Gina Baker Ted Bardacke Stephen Benz Mark Brumbaugh Laura Case Zach Christeson Jay Enck Ron Hand Horst, Inc Joel Ann Todd M2 Architecture JohnsonDiversey, Inc. H2 Ecodesign, LLC Greenform Architectural Energy Corporation Agora DC Moseley Architects JJR Managing Good Energies Simpson Gumpertz & Heger EPA Indoor Environment Management Branch Constructive Technologies Group, Inc. 7Group Choate Construction Company Rep Canada Green Building Council Rep Canada Green Building Council Moseley Architects Maryland Department of the Environment Cahill Associates Burt Hill Global Green USA Sasaki Brumbaugh SE Associates Emory University Campus Services the HOK Planning Group Commissioning Sc Green Building Services EfFECT. Sustainable Design Solutions 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION iii EFTA00281520

Richard Heinisch Michael Lane Marita Roos ZoIna Russell Alfred Vick Water Efficiency TAG Neal Billetdeaux, Chair John Koeller,Vice-Chair , David Carlson Bill Hoffman Geoff Nara Stephanie Tanner Daniel Yeh David Bracciano Robert Rubin Winston Huff Robert Benazzi Gunnar Baldwin Heather Kinkade Shabbir Rawalpindiwala Bill Wall Energy and Atmosphere TAG Greg Kats, Chair Marcus Sheffer, Vice-Chair Drury Crawley Jay Enck Ellen Franconi Mark Frankel Nathan Gauthier Rusty Hodapp John Hogan Bion Howard Dan Katzenberger Bob Maddox Brenda Morawa Erik Ring Michael Rosenberg Mick Schwedler Cord Shymko Gail Stranske Michael Zimmer Materials and Resources TAG Mark Webster, Chair Steven Baer, Vice-chair Paul Bertram Chris Dixon Ann Edminster Acuity Lighting Group Lighting Design Lab HNTB Hord Coplan Macht, Inc. Ecos Environmental Design, Inc. DR Alliance for Water Efficiency Columbia University H.W. Hoffman and Associates, LLC Civil & Environmental Consultants U.S. Environmental Protection Agency University of South Florida Tampa Bay Water NCSU-BAE and McKim & Creed SSR Engineers Jaros Baum & Bolles TOTO USA, INC Forgotten Rain, LLC Kohler Company Clivus New England, Inc. GoodEnergies 7group US Department of Energy Commissioning & Green Building Solutions, Inc. IPMVP and AEC New Buildings Institute Harvard Green Campus Initiative Dallas/Fort Worth, Energy & Transportation Management City of Seattle Department of Planning & Development Building Environmental Science and Technology Engineering, Energy, and the Environment Sterling Planet BVM Engineering, Inc. LPA, Inc. Oregon Department of Energy Trane I PMVP and G.P. Shymko & Associates CTG Energetics Thompson Hine LLP Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. Five Winds International NAIMA NBBJ Design AVEnues Iv LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281521

Lee Gros Theresa Hogerheide-Reusch Nadav Malin Nancy Malone Kirsten Ritchie Wayne Trusty Denise Van Valkenburg Gabe Wing Indoor Environmental Quality TAG Bob Thompson, Chair Steve Taylor, Vice-Chair Nancy Clanton Alexis Kurtz George Loisos Prasad Vaidya Daniel Bruck David Lubman Charles Salter Ozgem Omelctekin Jude Anders Brian Cloward Larry Dylchuis Francis (Bud) Offerman Christopher Schaffner Dennis Stanke Lee Gros Architect and Artisan, Inc Reusch Design Services BuildingGreen, LLC. Siegel & Strain Architects Gensler Athena Sustainable Materials Institute MASCO Retail Cabinet Group Herman Miller, Inc. EPA Indoor Environment Management Branch Taylor Engineering Clanton and Associates OveArup 8cPartners Loisos+ Ubelohde The Weidt Group BRC Acoustics 8c Tech. David Lubman 8cAssociates Salter Associates DMJM Harris Shoreline Concepts, LLC MithunArchitects+Designers+Planners Herman Miller, Inc Indoor Environmental Engineering The Green Engineer Trane Company This edition of the reference guide builds on the work of those who helped create previous versions: LEED for Commercial Interiors Version 2.0 Core Committee Penny Bonda Keith Winn Gina Baker Kirsten Childs Holley Henderson, Chair Don Horn Scot Horst Liana Kallivoka Jill Kowalski Fran Mazarella Roger McFarland Denise Van Valkenburg, Vice Chair Ken Wilson Elaine Aye Carlie Bullock-Jones Rico Cedro Hellen Kessler Mehran Khazra Environmental Communications Catalyst Partners Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates Craton Collaborative Architects,.. H2 Ecodesign, LLC U.S. General Services Administration Horst, Inc Austin Energy Green Building Program EwingCole U.S. General Services Administration HOK Steelcase Inc. Envision Design Green Building Services Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback 8c Associates ICrueck & Sexton HJICessler Associates, Inc Guttmann & Blaevoet Consulting Engineer 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EFTA00281522

Laurie McMahon Cassidy & Pinkard Colliers Ralph Muehliesen Illinois Institute of Technology Georgina Sikorsld INVISTA A special thanks to USGBC staff for their invaluable efforts in developing this LEED Reference Guide especially Sonia Punjabi for her technical expertise and extraordinary commitment, Lauren Riggs for her dedication and hard work, and Brendan Owens and Peter Templeton for their vision and guidance. vl LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281523

Preface Introduction xi I. Why Make Your Building Green? xi II. LEED° Green Building Rating System' xi III. Overview and Process xiii IV. LEED Online Documentation Requirements xvi V. Certification Application xvi i VI. Certification Strategy xviii VII. Exemplary Performance Strategies xix VIII. Regional Priority xix IX. Tools for Registered Projects xx X. How to Use This Reference Guide xx Sustainable Sites (SS) 1 Credit 1 Site Selection 5 Credit 1 Option 1: Select A LEED-Certified Building 8 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 1: Brownfield Redevelopment 10 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 2: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control 13 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 3: Stormwater Design—Quality Control 18 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 4: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof 21 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 5: Heat Island Effect—Roof 27 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 6: Light Pollution Reduction 32 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 7: Water Efficient Landscaping—Reduce by 50% 35 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 8: Water Efficient Landscaping—No Potable Water Use or No Irrigation 35 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 9: Innovative Wastewater Technologies 44 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 10: Water Use Reduction-30% Reduction 54 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 11: On-site Renewable Energy 59 Credit 1 Option 2, Path 12: Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance 66 Credit 2 Development Density and Community Connectivity 69 Credit 3.1 Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access 79 Credit 3.2 Alternative Transportation—Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms 85 Credit 3.3 Alternative Transportation—Parking Availability 91 Water Efficiency (WE) 97 Prerequisite 1 Water Use Reduction 99 Credit 1 Water Use Reduction 111 Energy and Atmosphere (EA) 115 Prerequisite 1 Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems 119 Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance 137 Prerequisite 3 Fundamental Refrigerant Management 147 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION vii EFTA00281524

Credit 1.1 Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Power 153 Credit 1.2 Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Controls 161 Credit 1.3 Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC 165 Credit 1.4 Optimize Energy Performance Appliances 177 —Equipment and Credit 2 Enhanced Commissioning 183 Credit 3 Measurement and Verification 187 Credit 4 Green Power 197 Materials and Resources (MR) 207 Prerequisite 1 Storage and Collection of Recyclables 211 Credit 1.1 Tenant Space—Long-Term Commitment 217 Credit 1.2 Building Reuse—Maintain Interior Nonstructural Components 221 Credit 2 Construction Waste Management 227 Credit 3.1 Materials Reuse 233 Credit 3.2 Materials Reuse—Furniture and Furnishings 239 Credit 4 Recycled Content 243 Credit 5 Regional Materials 253 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 259 Credit 7 Certified Wood 267 Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 277 Prerequisite 1 Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance 281 Prerequisite 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control 291 Credit 1 Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring 297 Credit 2 Increased Ventilation 305 Credit 3.1 Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan—During Construction 315 Credit 3.2 Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan—Before Occupancy 323 Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials—Adhesives and Sealants 331 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials—Paints and Coatings 337 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials—Flooring Systems 343 Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials—Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products 349 Credit 4.5 Low-Emitting Materials—Systems Furniture and Seating 353 Credit 5 Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control 359 Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems—Lighting 367 Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems—Thermal Comfort 373 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort—Design 379 Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort—Verification 387 Credit 8.1 Daylight and Views— Daylight 393 Credit 8.2 Daylight and Views—Views for Seated Spaces 407 Innovation in Design (ID) 415 Credit 1 Innovation in Design 417 Credit 2 LEED,' Accredited Professional 421 vill LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 20u9 EFTA00281525

Regional Priority (RP) 425 Credit 1 Regional Priority 427 Glossary 429 LEED 2009 for Commercial Interiors 100 base points; 6 possible Innovation in Design and 4 Regional Priority points Certified 40-49 points Silver 50-59 points Gold 60-79 points Platinum 80 points and above 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Ix EFTA00281526

x LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281527

Hri I. WHY MAKE YOUR BUILDING GREEN? r't .,.._„., The environmental impact of the building design, construction, and operations industry is enormous. Buildings annually consume more than30% of the total energy and more than 60%of the electricity used in the United States. In z006, the commercial building sector produced more than 1 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, an increase of more than 30% over 1990 levels.' Each day s billion gallons of potable water are used solely to flush toilets. Atypical North American commercial building generates about 1.6 pounds of solid waste per employee per day; in a building with 1,500 employees, that can amount to 300 tons of waste per year. Development alters land from natural, biologically diverse habitats to hardscape that is impervious and devoid of biodiversity. The far- reaching influence of the built environment necessitates action to reduce its impact. Green building practices can substantially reduce or eliminate negative environmental impacts through high-performance, market-leading design, construction, and operations practices. As an added benefit, green operations and management reduce operating costs, enhance building marketability, increase workers' productivity, and reduce potential liability resulting from indoor air quality problems. Examples abound. Energy efficiency measures have reduced operating expenses of the Denver Dry Goods building by approximately $75,000 per year. Students in day-lit schools in North Carolina consistently score higher on tests than students in schools using conventional lighting fixtures. Studies of workers in green buildings reported productivity gains of up to t6%, including less absenteeism and higher work quality, based on "people-friendly" green design. Karges Faulconbridge, Inc., renovated a former grocery store for its new headquarters and diverted 88% of the construction waste from landfills through reuse and recycling. The largest high-rise real estate project in Sacramento, the Joe Sema Jr. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters Building (Cal/EPA), was able to save $610,000 a year by implementing energy efficiency measures, making it 34% more energy efficient than required by California's 1998 energy code. In short, green design, construction, and operations have environmental, economic, and social elements that benefit all building stakeholders, including owners, occupants, and the general public. II. LEED°GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM Background on LEED"' Following the formation of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1993, the organization's members quickly realized that the sustainable building industry needed a system to define and measure "green buildings." USGBC began to research existing green building metrics and rating systems. Less than a year after formation, the members acted on the initial findings by establishing a committee to focus solely on this topic. The composition of the committee was diverse; it included architects, real estate agents, a building owner, a lawyer, an environmentalist, and industry representatives. This cross section of people and professions added a richness and depth both to the process and to the ultimate product. The first LEED Pilot Project Program, also referred to as LEED Version 1.0, was launched at the USGBC Membership Summit in August 1998. After extensive modifications, LEED Green Building 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION xi EFTA00281528

Rating System Version z.o was released in March z000, with LEED Version 2.1 following in zooz and LEED Version 2.2 following in zoos. As LEED has evolved and matured, the program has undertaken new initiatives. In addition to a rating system specifically devoted to building operational and maintenance issues (LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance), LEED addresses the different project development and delivery processes that exist in the U.S. building design and construction market, through rating systems for specific building typologies, sectors, and project scopes: LEED for Core & Shell, LEED for New Construction, LEED for Schools, LEED for Neighborhood Development, LEED for Retail, LEED for Healthcare, LEED for Homes, and LEED for Commercial Interiors. Projectteams interact withthe Green BuildingCertification Institute (GBCI) forprojectregistration and certification. GBCI was established in 2008 as a separately incorporated entitywith the support of the U.S. Green Building Council. GBCI administers credentialing and certification programs related to green building practice. These programs support the application of proven strategies for increasing and measuring the performance of buildings and communities as defined by industry systems such as LEED. The green building field is growing and changing daily. New technologies and products are being introducedintothe marketplace, and innovative designs andpractices areprovingtheireffectiveness. The LEED rating systems and reference guides will evolve as well. Project teams must comply with the version of the rating system that is current at the time of their registration. USGBC will highlight new developments on its website on a continual basis at www.usgbc.org. Features of LEED The LEED Green Building Rating Systems are voluntary, consensus-based, and market-driven. Based on existing and proven technology, they evaluate environmental performance from a whole- building perspective over a building's life cycle, providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a green building in design, construction, and operation. The LEED rating systems are designed for rating new and existing commercial, institutional, and residential buildings. They are based on accepted energy and environmental principles and strike a balance between known, established practices and emerging concepts. Each rating system is organized into 5 environmental categories: Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, and Indoor Environmental Quality. An additional category, Innovation in Design, addresses sustainable building expertise as well as design measures not covered under the 5 environmental categories. Regional bonus points are another feature of LEED and acknowledge the importance of local conditions in determining best environmental design and construction practices. The LEED Credit Weightings In LEED 2009, the allocation of points between credits is based on the potential environmental impacts and human benefits of each credit with respect to a set of impact categories. The impacts are defined as the environmental or human effect of the design, construction, operation, and maintenance ofthebuilding,such asgreenhousegas emissions,fossilfuel use,toxins and carcinogens, air and water pollutants, indoor environmental conditions. A combination of approaches, including energy modeling, life-cycle assessment, and transportation analysis, is used to quantify each type of impact. The resulting allocation of points among credits is called credit weighting. LEED 2009 uses the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's TRACI' environmental impact categories as the basis for weighting each credit TRACI was developed to assist with impact evaluation for life-cycle assessment, industrial ecology, process design, and pollution prevention. xi' LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281529

LEED 2009 also takes into consideration the weightings developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); these compare impact categories with one another and assign a relative weight to each. Together, the 2 approaches provide a solid foundation for determining the point value of each credit in LEED 2009. The LEED 2009 credit weightings process is based on the following parameters, which maintain consistency and usability across rating systems: ■ MI LEED credits are worth a minimum of r point. ■ MI LEED credits are positive, whole numbers; there are no fractions or negative values. ■ All LEED credits receive asingle,static weight in each rating system; there are no individualized scorecards based on project location. ■ MI LEED rating systems have 100 base points; Innovation in Design (or Operations) and Regional Priority credits provide opportunities for up tole) bonus points. Given the above criteria, the LEED 2009 credit weightings process involves 3 steps: 1. A reference building is used to estimate the environmental impacts in 13 categories associated with a typical building pursuing LEED certification. 2. The relative importance ofbuilding impacts in each category are set to reflect values based on the NISTweightings.4 3. Data that quantify building impacts on environmental and human health are used to assign points to individual credits. Each credit is allocated points based on the relative importance of the building-related impacts that it addresses. The result is a weighted average that combines building impacts and the relative value of the impact categories. Credits that most directly address the most important impacts are given the greatest weight, subject to the system design parameters described above. Credit weights also reflect a decision by LEED to recognize the market implications of point allocation. The result is a significant change in allocation of points compared with previous LEED rating systems. Overall, the changes increase the relative emphasis on the reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with building systems, transportation, the embodied energy of water, the embodied energy of materials, and where applicable, solid waste. The details of the weightings process vary slightly among individual rating systems. For example, LEED for Existing Buildings: includes credits related to solid waste management but LEED for New Construction does not. This results in a difference in the portion of the environmental footprint addressed by each rating system and the relative allocation of points. The weightings process for each rating system is fully documented in a weightings workbook. The credit weightings process will be reevaluated over time to incorporate changes in values ascribed to different building impacts and building types,based on both market reality and evolving scientific knowledge related to buildings. A complete explanation of the LEED credit weightings system is available on the USGBC website, at www.usgbc.org. III. OVERVIEW AND PROCESS The LEED Green Building Rating System for Commercial Interiors is a set of performance standards for certifying the design and construction of commercial or institutional buildings and high-rise residential buildings of all sizes, both public and private. The intent is to promote healthful, durable, affordable, and environmentally sound practices in tenant space design and construction. 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION xill EFTA00281530

Prerequisites and credits in the LEED Green Building Rating Systems address 7 topics: ■ Sustainable Sites (SS) ■ Water Efficiency (WE) ■ Energy and Atmosphere (EA) ■ Materials and Resources (MR) ■ Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) ■ Innovation in Design (ID) ■ Regional Priority (RP) LEED prerequisites and credits have identical structures; see Section X of this Introduction. When to Use LEED for Commercial Interiors LEED for Commercial Interiors addresses the specifics of tenant spaces primarily in office, retail, and institutional buildings. Tenants who lease their space or do not occupy the entire building are eligible. LEED for Commercial Interiors was designed to work hand-in-hand with the LEED for Core &Shell certification system. LEED for Core & Shell is used by developers to certify the core and shell of a project; it prepares the building for environmentally conscious tenants. Many projects clearly fit the defined scope of only' LEED rating system; others may be eligible fora or more. The project is a viable candidate for LEED certification if it can meet all prerequisites and achieve the minimum points required in a given rating system. If more than t rating system applies, the project team can decide which to pursue. For assistance in choosing the most appropriate LEED rating system, please e-mail [email protected]. Minimum Program Requirements A project must adhere to LEED's Minimum Program Requirements (MPRs), or possess minimum characteristics in order to be eligible for certification under LEED 2009. These requirements define the categories of buildings that the LEED rating systems were designed to evaluate, and taken together serve three goals: (1) give clearguidance to customers, (a) protect the integrity ofthe LEED program, and (3) reduce challenges that occur during the LEED certification process. The MPRs will evolve over time in tandem with the LEED rating systems. In order to be eligible for certification under any LEED 2009 Rating System, projects must comply with each associated M PR. The MPRs can be found in the LEED 2009 Rating Systems. In addition,definitions and more extensive guidance on certain issues are provided in a separate document, titled Supplemental Guidance, available on the USGBC website. The Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) reserves the right to revoke LEED certification from any LEED 2009 project upon gaining knowledge of non-compliance with any applicable MPRs. If such a circumstance occurs, no registration or certification fees paid to GBCI will be refunded. NOTE: ExceptionstoalltheMPRswillbeconsideredon acase-by-casebasisforspecialcircumstances. Direction on the nature of allowable exceptions is given in the Supplemental Guidance document. Registration Project teams interested in earning LEED for Commercial Interiors certification for their buildings must first register the project with GBCI. Projects can be registered on the GBCI website (www.gbci. orgy. The website also has information on registration costs for USGBC national members as well zlv LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281531

as nonmembers. Registration is an important step that establishes contact with GBCI and provides access to software tools, errata, critical communications, and other essential information. LEED-Online LEED-Online is the primary resource for managing the LEED documentation process. From LEED- Online, project teams can manage project details, complete documentation requirements for LEED credits and prerequisites, upload supporting files, submit applications for review, receive reviewer feedback, and ultimately earn LEE!) certification. LEED-Online provides a common space where members of a project team can work togetherto document compliance with the LEED rating system. MI project teams pursuing LEED certification are required to use LEED-Online and its submittal documentation paths. LEED submittals are instrumental in demonstrating credit compliance becausetheycontain all the documentation requirements foreach LEED credit. Additionally, LEED- Online contains embedded calculators and tables to ensure that the submittal package delivered to GBCI is complete and accurate. LEED-Online also features several support capabilities. It enables team members to view and submit credit interpretation requests, contact customer service, generate project-specific reports, and consult supplementary LEED resources, such as FAQs, tutorials, offline calculators, and sample documentation. Applicants with multiple projects will have access to reporting tools that use data from projects across their entire LEED portfolio. LEED certificates for successful projects are also issued through using LEED-Online. Credit Interpretation Requests and Rulings In some cases, a LEED project team may encounter challenges when interpreting the requirements of a prerequisite or credit for their project, perhaps because the reference guide does not sufficiently address aspecific issue ora conflict requires resolution. Toaddress such issues,acredit interpretation ruling process has been established for each LEED rating system. See the GECI website for more information, at www.gbci.org. Credit interpretation requests must be submittedonline. Provide a brief but clear description of the challenge encountered, refer to the prerequisite or credit information found in the rating system and reference guide, and emphasize the intent of the prerequisite or credit If possible, the project team should offer potential solutions to the problem or a proposed interpretation. Follow the detailed instructions in LEED-Online. Communications related to credit interpretation requests will be in electronic format. Review and Certification To earn LEED for Commercial Interiors certification, the applicant project must satisfy all the prerequisites and credits worth the minimum number of points to warrant the desired project rating. Projects must comply with the version of the rating system that is current in LEED-Online at the time of project registration. Appeals Appeals may be filed after the design phase review, the construction phase review, or the full application review. Please see the GBCI website for more information on appeals. Fees Information on certification fees can be found on the GBCI website. GBCI will acknowledge receipt of the application and proceed with application review when all project documentation 2O09 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION xv EFTA00281532

and payments have been received and processed. Registration fees, appeal review fees, and any additional fees required to expedite LEED certification are not refundable. Updates and Addenda This is the first edition of the LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Interior Design and Construction, 2009. As LEED for Commercial Interiors continues to improve and evolve, updates and addenda will be made available. USGBC cannot be held liable for any criteria set forth herein that may not be applicable to later versions of LEED rating systems, and GBCI reserves the right to modify its policies from time to time.. Updates and addenda will be accumulated between revisions and will be formally incorporated in major revisions. In the interim, between major revisions, USGBC may issue updates or addenda to clarify criteria. The prerequisites, credits, amendments and addenda current at the time of project registration will continue to guide the project throughout its certification process Information Privacy and Policy Guidelines For more information on the privacy policy of the U.S. Green Building Counil, Inc. (USGBC), refer to the Policies and Guidelines section of the USGBC website, at www.usgbc.org. With the support of its members, volunteers, and other stakeholders, USGBC is the developer of the LEED rating systems. Green Building Certification Institute, Inc. (GBCI) implements the LEED rating systems and carries out credentialing programs relating to LEED. For more information on the privacy policy of GBCI including the privacy policy on documentation submitted through LEED-Online, refer to the Policies and Guidelines section of the GBCI website, at www.gbci.org. Projects whose information should be treated as confidential may select this option during registration; project confidentiality status may be changed at any time through LEED-Online. Please review the GBCI privacy policy for further details. IV. LEED-ONLINE DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS All LEED for Commercial Interiors certification applications must include the required LEED- Online documentation: general documentation requirements, documentation requirements for all prerequisites, and documentation requirements for all pursued credits. General Requirements LEED certification application requires the submission of an overall project narrative with the completed LEED-Online documentation requirements. The project narrative describes the applicant's organization, building, site, and team. This narrative helps the LEED review team understand the major elements of the project and building performance, and it also aids in highlighting projects in future communications efforts. General documentation also requires the basic details pertaining to project site conditions, construction scope and timeline, occupant and usage data, and project team identification. Project teams must address all the elements in the general documentation requirements, providing details and clarifications where appropriate, and they may include any optional elements that are helpful in describing the project. Credit Substitution The LEED 2009 rating systems do not allow credit substitution using another version. Currently registered LEED projects that want to use LEED 2009 credits need to switch to the new version in entirety. USGBC expects that most projects will find this switch feasible and advantageous. zvl LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281533

V. CERTIFICATION APPLICATION earn LEED certification, the applicant project must satisfy all the prerequisites and qualify for a minimum number of points to attain the established project ratings as listed below. Having satisfied the basic prerequisites ofthe program, applicant projects are then rated according to their degree of compliance within the rating system. After registration, the project design team should begin to collect information and perform calculations to satisfy the prerequisite and credit documentation requirements. Because documentation should be gathered throughout design and construction, it is helpful to designate a LEED team leader who will be responsible for managing its compilation. LEED for Commercial Interiors provides the option of splitting a certification application into two phases, design and construction, in lieu of a combined design and construction review. Documentation for design phase credits, identified in LEED-Online, can be submitted for review at the end of the design phase; the submittals for these credits can be fully evaluated based on documentation available during this phase of the project. For example, if a project site meets the requirements of LEED for Commercial Interiors SS Credit 3.1, Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access, the likelihood of credit achievement can be assessed prior to the completion of construction. The LEED credit itself, however, is not awarded at the design review stage. Design Phase Review Each project is allotted a design phase review that consists of a preliminary design phase review and a final design phase review. GBCI formally rules on the design phase application by designating each attempted credit as either anticipated or denied. Participating in a design phase review does not guarantee award of any credit and will not result in LEED certification. This process enables project teams to assess the likelihood of credit achievement and requires follow-through to ensure the design is executed in the construction phase according to design specifications. Construction Phase Review At the completion of construction, the project team submits all attempted credits for review, including any newly attempted design credits. If the project team has had a design phase review and any of the design phase anticipated credits have since changed, additional documentation must be submitted to substantiate continued compliance with credit requirements. Upon receipt of the full certification application and fee, a final review will be conducted. All applicant-verified design phase credits that were designated as anticipated and have not changed since the design phase review will be declared as awarded. All other credits will be designated as either awarded or denied. Project teams should refer to LEED-Online and the rating system scorecards to get information on credits that can be submitted for design phase review and credits that must be submitted for construction phase review. LEED for Commercial Interiors certifications are awarded according to the following scale: Certified 40-49 points Silver 50-59 points Gold 60-79 points Platinum 80 points and above GBCI recognizes buildings that achieve t of the rating levels with a formal letter of certification. 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION xvii EFTA00281534

VI. CERTIFICATION STRATEGY Timeline and Project Design Phases Project teams should study the principles and objectives of LEED as early in the site selection and design process as possible. The project design phases mentioned throughout this reference guide correspond to the architectural design and planning steps commonly used in the construction industry: r. Predesign entails gathering information, recognizing stakeholders' needs, and establishing project goals. 2. Schematic design explores several design options and alternatives, with the intent of establishing an agreed-upon project layout and scope ofwork. 3. Design development begins the process of spatial refinement and usually involves the first design of a project's energy systems. 4. Construction documents carry the design into the level of details for all spaces and systems and materials so that construction can take place. 5. Construction. 6. Substantial completion is a contractual benchmark that usually corresponds to the point at which a client could occupy a nearly completed space. 7. Final completion. 8. Certificate of occupancy is the official recognition by a local building department that a building conforms to applicable building and safety codes. Related Credits When pursuing LEED certification, it is important to consider how credits are interconnected and how their synergies and trade-offs will ultimately affect both the project and the other credits the team may consider pursuing. Consult the Related Credits section of each prerequisite and credit to help inform design and construction decisions leading to certification. Consistent Documentation across Credits Several kinds of project information are required for consistent LEED documentation across various credits. If the number of full-time employees (PTEs) is used in one credit, it should be used consistently throughout all credits. LEED-Online contains many features specifically designed to assist project teams with this process. Pay special attention to overlapping project data; doing so will help the application and review process go smoothly. Operations and Maintenance in LEED for Commercial Interiors The LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Interior Design and Construction contains information on operations and maintenance to help project teams streamline green= practices once the LEED design and construction project has been completed. Although not required as part of the LEED certification process, upfront planning for green operations and maintenance can help building owners, operators, and maintenance staff ensure that the commercial interiors space continues to operate in a sustainable manner. xvIll LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281535

VII. EXEMPLARY PERFORMANCE STRATEGIES Exemplary performance strategies result in performance that greatly exceeds the performance level or expands the scope required by an existing LEED for Commercial Interiors credit. To earn exemplary performance credits, teams must meet the performance level defined by the next step in the threshold progression. For credits with more than 1 compliance path, an Innovation in Design point can be earned by satisfying more than 1 compliance path if their benefits are additive. See the Innovation in Design credit section for further details. The credits for which exemplary performance points are available through expanded performance are noted throughout this reference guide and in LEED-Online by the logo shown below. The list for exemplary performance points available is as follows: Sustainable Sites SS Credit 1 SS Credit 3 Site Selection Alternative Transportation Water Efficiency WE Credit 1 Water Use Reduction Energy and Atmosphere EA Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance EA Credit 4 Green Power Materials and Resources MR Credit 1.2 MR Credit 2 MR Credit 3 MR Credit 4 MR Credit 5 MR Credit 6 MR Credit 7 Building Reuse—Maintain Interior Nonstructural Components Construction Waste Management Materials Reuse Recycled Content Regional Materials Rapidly Renewable Materials Certified Wood Indoor Environmental Quality IEQ Credit 8.2 Daylight and Views—Views for Seated Spaces VIII. REGIONAL PRIORITY To provide incentive to address geographically specific environmental issues, USGBC regional councils and chapters have identified 6 credits per rating system that are of particular importance to specific areas. Each Regional Priority credit is worth an additional t point, and a total of 4 additional points may be earned by achieving Regional Priority credits, with t point earned per credit. Upon project registration, LEED-Online automatically determines a project's Regional Priority credits based on its zip code. If the project achieves more than 4 Regional Priority credits, the team can choose the credits for which these points will apply. The USGBC website also contains a searchable database of Regional Priority credits. 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION xix EFTA00281536

IX. TOOLS FOR REGISTERED PROJECTS LEED offers additional resources for LEED project teams on the USGBC website, at www.usgks. orgfprojecttools. The Registered Projects Tools website provides resources for starting the project, including rating system errata, documentation requirements, and referenced industry standards. Also consult the website for the following: Declarant definitions and other definitions. This resource describes the team members who are required to sign off on certain documentation requirements and indicates the prerequisites and credits for which each team member is responsible. The required declarant is noted in the corresponding credit documentation section of LEED-Online. Licensed Professional Exemption Form. The Licensed Professional Exemption Form can be used by a project team's registered professional engineer, registered architect, or registered landscape architect as a streamlined path to certain credits, bypassing otherwise-required submittals. This form is used in conjunction with the declarations in LEED-Online to document any exemptions. The form is required for any eligible submittal requirements the project team wishes to waive; the exemption is invalid without a properly executed Licensed Professional Exemption Form. Licensed Professional Exemptions are noted in the corresponding credit documentation section of LEED- Online. X. HOW TO USE THIS REFERENCE GUIDE The LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Interior Design and Construction is a supporting document to the LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System. The guide helps project teams understand the criteria,the reasons behind them,strategiesfor implementation,and documentation requirements. It includes examples of strategies that can be used in each category, case studies of buildings that have implemented these strategies successfully, and additional resources. It does not provide an exhaustive list of strategies for meeting the criteria or all the information that a project team needs to determine the applicability of a credit to the project. Rating System Pages The rating system, published in its entirety on the USGBC website, is imbedded in this reference guide. Each prerequisite and credit discussion begins with a gray page that mirrors the rating systems' Intent and Requirements. This Reference guide addresses the Intents and Requirements for the LEED zoo9 Commercial Interiors Rating System. The Potential Technologies and Strategies included in the rating systems are not explicitly called out in the reference guide, refer to the published rating systems as desired. Prerequisite and Credit Format Each prerequisite or credit is organized in a standardized format for simplicity and quick reference. The first section summarizes the main points regarding the green measure and includes the intent, requirements, required submittals for certification, and a summary of any referenced industry standard. Subsequent sections provide supporting information to help interpret the measure and offer links to resources and examples. The sections for each credit are described in the following Paragraphs. Intent identifies the main sustainability goal or benefit of the prerequisite or credit. Requirements specifies the criteria that satisfy the prerequisite or credit and the number of points available. The prerequisites must be achieved; the credits are optional, but each contributes to the overall project score. Some credits have 2 or more paths with cumulative points. Other credits have xx LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281537

several options from which the project team must choose. For example, Energy & Atmosphere Credit 1, Optimize Energy Efficiency Performance, has 3 options, but a project can apply for only t, depending on the type of building. Benefits and Issues to Consider addresses the environmental benefits of the activity encouraged by the prerequisite or credit, and economic considerations related to first costs, life-cycle costs, and estimated savings. Related Credits acknowledges the trade-offs and synergies within the LEED rating system credit categories. Achieving a particular credit may make it worthwhile and comparatively easy to pursue related credits; the converse is also possible. The Summary of Referenced Standards, where applicable, introduces the required standards used to measure achievement of the credit intent. Teams are strongly encouraged to review the full standard and not rely on the summary. Implementation discusses specific methods or assemblies that facilitate achievement of the requirements. Timeline and Team guides the project team by identifying who should lead an effort and when the tasks should begin. Calculations offers sample formulas or computations that determine achievement of a particular prerequisite or credit. Most calculations are facilitated in LEED-Online. The Documentation Guidance section provides the first steps in preparing to complete the LEED- Online documentation requirements. Examples illustrates strategies for credit achievement. Exemplary Performance, if applicable, details the level of performance needed for the award of points in addition to those for credit achievement. Regional Variations outlines concerns specific to the geographic location of the building. Resources offers suggestions for further research and provide examples or illustrations, detailed technical information, or other information relevant to the prerequisite or credit. The resources include websites, online materials, and printed books and articles that can be obtained directly from the organizations listed. Definitions clarifies the meaning of certain terms relevant to the prerequisite or credit. These may be general terms or terms specific to LEED for Commercial Interiors. A complete glossary is found at the end of this reference guide. Endnotes Energy Information Administration. "Emissions of Greenhouse Gas Report." Report #DOE/ EIA-0573(2006). Released 28 November 2007. http:fivivm.eia.doe.goWoiafft6osiggrvicarbon. html#commercial Office of the Federal Environmental Executive. http://ofee.gov/wpr/wastestream.asp Last modified 24 April 20°8. Tools for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. http:// www.epa.govinrmrlistdisabitracif. Relative impact category weights based on an exercise undertaken by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) for the BEES program. http://www.bfrl.nistgovioae/sofrwarefbeest 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION xxi EFTA00281538

xxli LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281539

SESUDHIBLE SaTES Overview The selection of a building site and its development in accordance with sustainable building practices are of fundamental importance. Environmental damage to a site, either during or as a result of construction, can take years to remedy. This credit section addresses environmental concerns relating to building landscape, hardscape, and exterior building issues and promotes the following measures: Selecting a Building That Has Developed Its Site Wisely Buildings affect ecosystems in a variety of ways. Development of greenfields, or previously undeveloped sites, consumes land. Development projects can also encroach on agricultural lands and wetlands or water bodies and compromise wildlife habitats. Choosing a building on a previously developed site or even a damaged site that can be remediated reduces pressure on undeveloped land. Selecting a Building with Sustainable Landscapes Conventional planting and landscape maintenance often require irrigation and chemicals. Sustainable practices minimize the use of irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides and can prevent soil erosion and sedimentation. Erosion from precipitation and wind causes degradation of property as well as sedimentation of local water bodies, and building sites can be major sources of sediment. Loss of nutrients, soil compaction, and decreased biodiversity of soil organisms can severely limit the vitality of landscaping. Sedimentation increases turbidity levels, which degrades aquatic habitats, and the buildup of sediments in stream channels can lessen flow capacity, increasing the possibility of flooding. Sustainable landscaping involves using or restoring native and adapted plants, which require less irrigation and maintenance and fewer or no applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides compared with most introduced species. Selecting a Building That Protects Surrounding Habitats Commercial buildingsites can encroach onagricultural lands andforadversely affectwildlifehabitat. As animals are displaced by development, they become crowded into increasingly smaller spaces, and eventually the population exceeds the carrying capacity of the area Overall biodiversity, as well as individual plant and animal species, may be threatened. Restoring native and adapted vegetation and other ecological features to the site provides wildlife habitat. Selecting a Building That Manages Stormwater Runoff As areas developed and urbanized, surface permeability is reduced, which in turn increases the runoff transported via pipes and sewers to streams, rivers, lakes, bays, and oceans. Stormwater runoff harms water quality, aquatic life, and recreation opportunities in receiving waters. For instance, parking areas contribute to stormwater runoff that is contaminated with oil, fuel, lubricants, combustion by-products, material from tire wear, and deicing salts. Runoff also accelerates the flow rate of waterways, causing erosion downstream and altering aquatic habitat. Effective strategies exist to control, reduce, and treat stormwater runoff before it leaves the project site. Selecting a Building That Reduces Heat Island Effects The use of dark, nonreflective surfaces for parking areas, roofs, walkways, and other surfaces SS OVERVIEW 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 1 EFTA00281540

SS OVERVIEW contributes to the heat island effect. These surfaces absorb incoming solar radiation and radiate that heat back to the surrounding areas, increasing the ambient temperature. In addition to being detrimental to site habitat, this increase raises a building's external and internal temperatures, requiring more energy for cooling. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory estimates that 1/6 of the electricity consumed in the United States is used to cool buildings. By installing reflective surfaces and vegetation, the nation's homes and businesses could save $4 billion a year in reduced cooling energy demand by 2015! Selecting a Building That Reduces Light Pollution Poorly designed exterior lighting may exacerbate nighttime light pollution,which can interfere with nocturnal ecology, reduce observation of night skies, cause roadway glare, and hurt relationships with neighbors by causing light trespass. Reducing light pollution encourages nocturnal wildlife to inhabit the building site and causes less disruption to birds' migratory patterns. Thoughtful exterior lighting may also reduce infrastructure costs and energy use over the life of the building. Selecting a Building with Water-Efficient Landscaping Landscape irrigation in the United States consumes large quantities of potable water. Outdoor uses, primarily landscaping, account for 30% of the 26 billion gallons of water consumed daily.2 Improved landscaping practices can dramatically reduce and even eliminate irrigation needs. Maintaining or reestablishing native plants on building sites fosters a self-sustaining landscape that requires minimal supplemental water and has other environmental benefits. Landscaping with native plants can reduce the amount of water needed for irrigation and attract native wildlife, creating a building site integrated with its natural surroundings. In addition, native plants tend to require less fertilizer and pesticides, which minimizes the degradation ofwater quality and other negative environmental impacts. Selecting a Building That Uses On-site Renewable Energy Energy generation from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass, avoids air and water pollution and other environmental impacts associated with producing and using coal, nuclear energy, oil, and natural gas. Although hydropower is considered renewable, it can have harmful environmental effects, such as degrading water quality, altering fish and bird habitat, and endangering species. Low-impact hydropower, if available, is recommended. Renewable energy minimizes add rain, smog, climate change, and human health problems from air contaminants. In addition, using renewable resources avoids the consumption of fossil fuels, the production of nuclear waste, and the operation of environmentally damaging hydropower dams. Selecting a Building That Reduces Potable Water Consumption Reducing indoor potable water consumption may require using alternative water sources for nonpotable applications and installing water-efficient fuctures, flow restrictors, electronic controls, composting toilet systems, and waterless urinals. Lowering potable water use in fixtures can reduce the total amount of water drawn from natural bodies of water. A commercial building in Boston replaced 12.6 3.5-gallons-per-flush (gpf) toilets with low-flow t.6-gpf toilets and reduced total water consumption by 15%. With an initial cost of $32,000 and estimated annual savings of $22,800, the payback period was 14 years. Another Boston building installed 30 faucet aerators and reduced annual indoor water consumption by 190,000gallons. The cost of the equipment and labor totaled $300 and is estimated to save $4250 per year, with a payback period oft months) 2 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281541

Selecting a Building That Helps Reduce Emissions Associated with Transportation Environmental concerns related to buildings include vehicle emissions and the need for vehicle infrastructure as building occupants travel to and from the site. Emissions contribute to climate change, smog, acid rain, and other air quality problems. Parking lots, roadways, and building surfaces increase stonnwater runoff and contribute to the urban heat island effect. In 2006, 76% of commuters in America ages 16 and older drove to work alone. Of the remaining 24% who used alternative means of transportation (including working from home), only 5% used public transportation and n%carpooled.4Locating the project near residential areas and providing bicycle racks, changing facilities, preferred parking, access to mass transit, and alternative-fuel refueling stations can all encourage the adoption of alternative forms of transportation. Use of mass transit reduces the energy demand for transportation as well as the space needed for parking lots, which encroach on green space and contribute to the heat island effect. Summary The LEED for Commercial Interiors SS credits promote responsible, innovative, and practical site designs that are sensitive to plants, wildlife, water, and air quality and that mitigate some of the negative effects buildings have on the local and regional environment. Project teams selecting sites and undertaking building projects should be cognizant of the impact of development on land consumption, ecosystems, natural resources, and energy use. Preference should be given to buildings with high-performance attributes in locations that enhance existing neighborhoods and make use of existing transportation networks and urban infrastructures. LEED encourages the selection of sites and land-use plans that preserve natural ecosystems and enhance the health of the surrounding community. CREDIT TITLE SS Credit 1 SS Credit 2 SS Credit 3.1 SS Credit 3.2 SS Credit 3.3 Site Selection Development Density and Community Connectivity Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access Alternative Transportation—Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms Alternative Transportation—Parking Availability SS OVERVIEW 2OO9 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 3 EFTA00281542

4 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281543

SITE SELECTION Credit SS Credit 1 Points 1-5 points Intent To encourage tenants to select buildings that employ best practices systems and green strategies. Requirements OPTION 1 Select a LEED certified building (5 points). OR OPTION 2 Locatethe tenant space inabuildingthat has inplace tor more ofthefollowingcharacteristics at time of submittal (t -s points). Each of the followingoptions may also be met by satisfying the requirements of the corresponding LEED 2009 for New Construction credit. PATH 1. Brownfield Redevelopment (1 point) A building developed on a site documented as contaminated (by an ASTM £1903-97 Phase II Environmental Site Assessment or a local voluntary cleanup program) OR A building on a site classified as a brownfield by a local, state or federal government agency. Effective remediation of site contamination must have been completed. PATH 2. Stormwater Design-Quantity Control (1 point) A building that prior to its development had less than or equal to so% imperviousness and has implemented a stormwater management plan that is equal to or is less than the predevelopment 1 D year 24-hour rate and quantity discharge. OR A building that prior to its development had more than so% imperviousness and has implemented a stormwater management plan that reduced predevelopment 1/2. year 24-hour rate and quantity discharge by zs%of the annual on-site stormwater load. This mitigation can be achieved through a variety of measures such as perviousness of site, stormwater retention ponds, and harvesting of rainwater for reuse. Stormwater values are based on actual local rainfall unless the actual exceeds the to-year annual average local rainfall, in which case the to-year annual average should be used. PATH 3. Stormwater Design—Quality Control (1 point) A building that has in place site stormwater treatment systems designed to remove at least 80% of the average annual site area's total suspended solids (rss) and 40% of the average annual site area's total phosphorus (TP). SS CREDIT 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 5 EFTA00281544

SS CREDIT 1 Thesevalues are based on the average annualloadings from all stormsless thanorequal to the 2-year 24-hour storm. The building must implement and maintain best management practices (BMPs) outlined in Chapter 4, Part z Urban Runoff, of the EPA Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters, January 1993 (EPA 840B92002) or the local government's BMP document, whichever is more stringent. PATH 4. Heat Island Effect—NonRoof (1 point) A building that provides shade (or will provide shade within 5 years of landscape installation); and/or uses light-colored or high-albedo materials with a solar reflectance index (SRI)' of at least 29; and/ or has open-grid pavement areas that individually or in total equals at least 30% of the site's nonroof impervious surfaces, such as parking areas, walkways, plazas, and fire lanes. OR Abuildingthat has placed a minimum of 50% of parking spaces underground or covered by structured parking. OR A building that has an open-grid pavement system (less than so% impervious) for so% of the parking lot area. PATH 5. Heat Island Effect—Roof (1 point) A building whose roofing has a solar reflectance index (SRI) of the following minimum values for at least 75% of the roof surface; Roof lype Slope SRI Lim-sloped roof s 2:12 78 Steep-sloped roof > 2:12 29 OR A building that has installed a vegetated roof for at least so% of the roof area. OR Abuildingthat has both high SRI roofs and vegetated roofs that satisfy the following area requirement: [ Total Roof ( s Area of SRI Roof X 1.33 ) + ( Area of Vegetated Roof X 2 ) Area t The solar reflectance index ;SRI) is a measure of the constructed surface's ability to reflect solar heat, as shown by a small temperature rise. It is defined so that a standard black surface (reflectance 0.05.emittance 0.90) is Ganda standard white surface (reflectance O.8O,emittanceo.no) is too. To calculate the SRI for a given material, obtain the reflectance value and emittance value for the material.SRI u calculated according to ASIA' E 19SO. Reflectance is measured according to ASTAt E 903. ASTAI E 1918 or ASTNIC tag. Emittance is measured according to ASTAt E 40S or &SIM C apt. 6 LLLU RLf L/2LNCL COWL fOR URLLN IN IL/2Ithi ULSIGN AND GONSIRUL I ILIN ZUU9 LUI I ION EFTA00281545

PATH 6. Light Pollution Reduction (1 point) A building whose nonemergency interior luminaires with a direct line of sight to any openings in the envelope (translucent or transparent) must have their input power reduced (by automatic device) by at least so% between it M. and 5 M. After-hours override maybe provided by a manual or occupant-sensing device provided the override lasts no more than r minutes. OR A building whose openings in the envelope (translucent or transparent) with a direct line of sight to any nonemergency luminaires must have shielding (with transmittance of less than 1O%) that is controlled or closed by automatic device between tt M. and s • PATH 7. Water Efficient Landscaping—Reduce by 50% (2 points) A building that employs high-efficiency irrigation technology OR uses harvested rainwater or recycled site water to reduce potable water consumption for irrigation by at least 5o% over conventional means. PATH 8. Water Efficient Landscaping—No Potable Water Use or No Irrigation (2 points in addition to Path 7) A building that uses only harvested rainwater or recycled site water to eliminate all potable water use for site irrigation (except for initial watering to establish plants), OR does not have permanent landscaping irrigation systems. PATH 9. Innovative Wastewater Technologies (2 points) Abuildingthat reduces the use of municipallyprovided potablewater forbuilding sewage conveyance by at least50%, OR treats t00% of wastewater on-site to tertiary standards. PATH 10. Water Use Reduction-30% Reduction (1 point) Abuildingthat meets the r% reduction in water use requirement for the entire building and has an ongoing plan to require future occupants to comply. PATH 11. On-site Renewable Energy (1-2 points) A building that supplies at least 2.59is (1 point) or 5% (a points) of the building's total energy use (expressed as a fraction of annual energycost) from on-site renewable energy systems. PATH 12. Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance (1 point) A building that has in place at the time of selection other quantifiable environmental benefits. SS CREDIT 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 7 EFTA00281546

CI Credit 1 OPTION 1 OPTION 1: SELECT LEED-CERTIFIED BUILDING 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The built environment has a tremendous impact on our natural resources and the health of our communities. In 2006, the U.S. Department of Energy reported that U.S. buildings accounted for 724% of electricity consumption} According to the Energy Information Administration, in 2008, buildings in the United States were responsible for 38% of all CO2 emissions.' In 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey reported that the nation's buildings used 13.6% of all potable water, or is trillion gallons per year? Certification of a building under LEED for New Construction, LEED for Schools, LEED for Core & Shell,or LEED for Existing Buildings Operations& Maintenance signifies that building ovmers have already taken significant steps to protect ecosystems and biodiversity, conserve valuable resources, and provide healthful indoor environments for building occupants. Economic Issues The commercial real estate industry has begun to document the increased market appeal of space in LEED-certified buildings, based on recognition that LEED-certified base buildings deliver many economic benefits to tenants, such as reduced operating costs and improved productivity of building occupants. Cost analyses can project and weigh the impact of these reductions on the possibly higher lease values of such buildings. 2. Related Credits Selecting a LEED-certified base building will link the LEED for Commercial Interiors project to the credits the base building earned under its original certification. Such projects are likely to be well situated to earn credits under the LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Select tenant space in an existing LEED-certified building. If possible, obtain the base building LEED certification review documents early in the project development phase. The certification documents from the base building can serve as a resource for identifying credits and base building systems and will make it much easier to earn certain LEED for Commercial Interiors credits. Establishing project goals that maximize use of base building systems early on is crucial. Clearly communicate to real estate and leasing agents that space in a LEED-certified building is a priority. Consult the USGBC website for a list of completed LEED-certified projects. Local USGBC chapters can also serve as valuable resources for identifying leasable space in LEED-certified buildings and for finding buildings currently seeking LEED certification. 5. Timeline and Team During the building selection process, work with real estate brokers and leasing agents to identify LEED-certified buildings with tenant space. The building owner or manager should supply a copy of the final LEED scorecard. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 8 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281547

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Assemble information about the base building's LEED certification from the building owner or manager. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This option is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations There are no operations and maintenance considerations for this credit. 12. Resources Please see the USGBC website, at http://www.usgbc.org, for a database of LEED-registered and certified buildings and a list of regional USGBC chapters. 13. Definitions There are no definitions for this credit. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EFTA00281548

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 1 OPTION 2, PATH 1: BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The EPA estimates that there are more than 450,000 brownfields in the United States!' Buildings located on brownfield sites have undergone remediation efforts to remove or stabilize hazardous materials from the sites' soil and groundwater, reducing the exposure of humans and wildlife to health risks associated with environmental pollution. Brownfield redevelopment can contribute to social and economic revitalization of depressed or disadvantaged neighborhoods, and can renew and augment a sense of community pride in local residents. Economic Issues Investors who develop brownfield sites often take advantage of government grants, tax incentives, existing infrastructure, and ready availability of labor. These cost savings maybe reflected in lower lease rates for these properties. Additionally, because many brownfield sites are in or near urban areas, they are well served by existing transportation networks and other infrastructure. 2. Related Credits There are no related credits. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards U.S. EPA Definition of Brownfields The EPA Sustainable Redevelopment of Brownfields Program http://www.e gov/brovmfields With certain legal exclusions and additions, brownfield site means real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant (Public Law 107-118, H.R. 2869, Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act). See the EPA website for additional information and resources. ASTM E19o3-97, Phase II Environmental Site Assessment, effective zoos ASTM International http://wwt.v.astm.org A Phase II environmental site assessment is an investigation that collects original samples of soil, groundwater, or building materials to analyze for quantitative values of various contaminants. This investigation is normally undertaken when a Phase I assessment has determined a potential for site contamination. The substances most frequently tested are petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, solvents, asbestos, and mold. 4. Implementation Select a base building that was constructed on a site formerly classified as a brownfield. Former brownfield sites and remediation activities may be catalogued by the federal, state, or local authorities. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make the selection of a base building constructed on a remediated brownfield a requirement of its selection process. Work with real estate brokers and leasing agents to identify buildings that meet the requirements. 10 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281549

6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Assemble information about the previous site contamination and remediation efforts undertaken. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This path is not eligible for exemplary performance under SS Credit r Path 12 Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance. 10. Regional Variations Preliminary screening levels or remediation criteria may differ by state or region. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Some remediation efforts may require ongoing activities. The project team and owner should keep careful records of remediation activities and develop a plan for ongoingcompliance with monitoring and reporting requirements as defined by the relevant federal, state or local regulatory agency. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (www.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites U.S. EPA, Preliminary Remediation Goals for EPA Region 9 epa Preliminary remediation goals are tools for evaluating and cleaning up contaminated sites. They are intended to help risk assessors and others perform initial screening-level evaluations of environmental measurement results. The remediation goals for Region 9 are generic; they are calculated without site-specific information. However, they may be recalculated using site- specific data. U.S. EPA, Sustainable Redevelopment of Brownfields http://www.e govibrovmfields This is a comprehensive website on brownfields that includes projects, initiatives, tools, tax incentives and other resources to address brownfield remediation and redevelopment. For information by phone, contact the regional EPA office. 13. Definitions A brownfield is real propertywhose use maybe complicated bythe presence or possible presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Remediation is the process of cleaning up a contaminated site by physical, chemical, or biological means. Remediation processes are typically applied to contaminated soil and groundwater. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 1 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 11 EFTA00281550

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 1 A site assessment is an evaluation of a site's aboveground and subsurface characteristics, including its structures, geology, and hydrology. Site assessments are typically used to determine whether contamination has occurred, as well as the extent and concentration of any release of pollutants. Information generated during a site assessment is used to make remedial action decisions. 12 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281551

OPTION 2, PATH 2: STORMWATER DESIGN-QUANTITY CONTROL 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Stormwater is a major source of pollution for all types of water bodies in the United States.' Soil compaction caused by site development and the expanse of impervious surfaces, such as roads and parking lots, produce stormwater runoffthat contains sediment and other contaminants, including atmospheric deposition, pesticides, fertilizers, vehicle fluid leaks, and mechanical equipment waste. Increased stormwater runoff can overload pipes and sewers and damage water quality, affecting navigation and recreation. Furthermore, municipal systems that convey and treat runoff require significant infrastructure improvements and maintenance. The health of streams is closely linked to stormwater runoffvelocities and volumes. Increases in the frequencyand magnitude ofstormwater runoffdue to development can increasebankfull events and erosion, widen channels, and cause downcutting in streams. Effective on-site management practices let stormwater infiltrate the ground, thereby reducing the volume and intensity of stormwater flows.1° Additionally, reducing stormwater runoff helps maintain the natural aquifer recharge cycle and restore depleted stream base flows. By selecting a building that has met the requirements of SS Credit 1, Option 2, Path 2, the project team is recognizing the importance of reducing stormwater runoff and the accnriated environmental benefits. 2. Related Credits A building's efforts to reduce the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff may involve the use of pervious pavements, native or adapted vegetation, and increased on-site infiltration strategies, assisting projects with earning the following credits: ■ SS Credit 4 Option a, Path 3: Stormwater Management—Quality Control ■ SS Credit 4 Option a, Path 4: Heat Island Reduction—Nonroof Efforts to capture and reuse rainwater forirrigation or in nonpotable applications inside the building, such as toilets and urinals, can help projects earn the following credits: ■ SS Credit 4 Option a, Path 7: Water-Efficient Landscaping—Reduce by 50% ■ SS Credit r, Option 2, Path 8: Water-Efficient Landscaping—No Potable Water Use or No Irrigation ■ SS Credit 1, Option z Path 10: Water Use Reduction-30% Reduction 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit 4. Implementation Identify a space in a building that has implemented r of the 2 compliance paths or that can meet equivalent performance requirements. Include this requirement in the criteria for selecting a base building. Local permitting agencies may have detailed information on the stormwater control techniques implemented or in use at the base building. Check the application for the building's stormwater management permit for this information. 5. Timeline and Team Because tenants may not be able to influence the base building and site infrastructure design, LEED for Commercial Interiors projects may require a different approach than LEE!) for New Construction or Core & Shell projects. Work with building owners or facility managers to first CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 13 EFTA00281552

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 2 assess the base building for compliance with the LEED requirements. Since many local jurisdictions have comparable requirements, part of this process may include consulting with local permitting officials to determine whether the local stormwater requirements at the time of the base building construction were adequately stringent to meet this credit. If the existing system does not meet the credit requirements, investigate opportunities to modify the site design. This may include modification of existing stormwater management systems and replacing site hardscapes with vegetated areas that decrease site runoff. 6. Calculations The following calculation illustrates one method that can be used to support the credit submittals. Stormwater runoff volumes are affected by surface characteristics on the site as well as rainfall intensity over a specified time period. Stormwater volumes generated are directly related to the net imperviousness of the project site. By reducing the amount of impervious surface on the site, stormwater volumes are reduced. Estimate the imperviousness of the project site as follows: 1. Identify the different surface types on the site: roof, pavement (e.g., roads and sidewalks), landscaping, and other areas. a. Determine the total area for each of these surface types using site drawings. Use Tablet to assign a runoff coefficient to each surface type. If a surface type is not included in the table, use a 'best estimate" or manufacturer information. For instance, if pervious paving is used, consult the manufacturer to determine the imperviousness (the percentage of the surface that does not allow infiltration). 3. Summarize the area and runoff coefficient for each surfacetype on a spreadsheet. Multiply the nmoff coefficient by the area to obtain an impervious area for each surface type. This figure represents the square footage of each surface area that is t00% impervious (Equation t). 4. Add the impervious areas for each surface type to obtain a total impervious area for the site. 5. Divide the total impervious area by the total site area to obtain the imperviousness of the site (Equation 2). For sites with so% imperviousness or less, imperviousness discharge must not increase from predevelopment to postdevelopment conditions. For previously developed sites with imperviousness greater than so%, imperviousness discharge must be reduced by 259‘ from predevelopment to postdevelopment conditions. Table 1. Typical Runoff Coeffiicient Surface Type Runoff Coefficient I Surface Type Runoff Coefficient Pavement. Asphalt 0.95 Turf, Flat (0- 1% slope) 0.25 Pavement, Concrete 0.95 Turf, Average (1 - 3% slope) 0.35 Pavement, Brick 0.85 Turf, Hilly (3 - 10% slope) 0.40 Pavement, Gravel 0.75 Turf, Steep (> 10% slope) 0.45 Roofs, Conventional 0.95 Vegetation, Flat (0 - 1% slope) 0.10 Roof, Garden Roof (<4 in) 0.50 Vegetation, Average (1 - 3% slope) 0.20 Roof, Garden Roof (4 - 8 in) 0.30 Vegetation, Hilly (3 - 10% slope) 0.25 Roof, Garden Roof (9 - 20 in) 0.20 Vegetation. Steep f> 10% slope) 0.30 Vegetation. Steep f> 10% slope) 0.10 Equation 1 Impervious Area (sf) = Surface Area fsf) X Runoff Coefficient 14 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281553

Equation 2 SS Imperviousness (%) — Total Pervious Area (s0 CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: Total Site Area (s0 PATH 2 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Determine the rates and quantities for pre- and postdevelopment conditions for the required storm events. • Prepare a stormwater plan assessment from design documentation, or have one completed by a civil engineer or other professional. • List stormwater management strategies and record the percentage of rainfall that each is designed to handle. 8. Example Site Imperviousness The project is an office renovation with site improvements to an existing concrete parking lot of average slope. Surface types include sidewalks, parking areas, landscaping, and the roof. The roof area is assumed to be equal to the building footprint, as determined from site drawings. Table 2 shows calculations for the design case. To reduce imperviousness, some concrete sidewalks and asphalt parking areas can be replaced with pervious paving and vegetation. The building footprint is reduced and vegetated roofs are installed to reduce runoff. Next, calculations are done for the baseline case (the existing site conditions; Table 3). The calculations demonstrate that the design case has an imperviousness of 47% and the baseline case has an imperviousness of 95%, or a 50% reduction. The project has exceeded the 25% minimum, thus earning1 point. Table 2. Design Case Imperviousness Surface Type Runoff Coefficient Area (sf) Impervious Area _m_ (d) Pavement. Asphalt 0.95 5.075 4,821 Pavement, Pervious 0.60 1,345 807 Roof, Garden Roof (4 - 8 in) 0.30 8,240 2,472 Vegetation, Average (1 - 3% slope) 0.20 4.506 901 Total Area 14,660 Total Impervious Area 8,100 Imperviousness 55% Table 3. Baseline Case Imperviousness Surface Type Runoff Coefficient Area (so Impervious Area (sf) Pavement. concrete 0.95 19.166 18.208 Total area 14.660 Total impervious area 18.208 Imperviousness 95% 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 15 EFTA00281554

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 2 9. Exemplary Performance This path is not eligible for exemplary performance under SS Credit 1, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance. 10. Regional Variations The approach to this credit varies dramatically across different regions and climate zones because the t-year and z-year 24-hour design storms are particular to a given location. Local stormwater management requirements also differ. The strategies employed in an urban environment where water is discharged to a municipal master system will be much different from the approach for a rural project that discharges to streams or lakes with high water quality standards. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Though unlikely to be within the control of the tenant, operations best practices include developing an ongoing inspection and maintenance plan to ensure the proper upkeep of all aspects of the stormwater management system, including desired levels of vegetation and mulching, repair of washouts, and proper functioning of any system controls. Silting in infiltration trenches or dry retention wells, for example, may impair performance. At a minimum, the maintenance plan should include periodic visual site inspections to identify unsatisfactory conditions and recommendations for typical corrective actions. If stormwater harvesting systems are used, period checks for leaks and blockages should be scheduled, and occasional cleaning may be necessary to keep the system operating effectively. Prevention of on-site erosion will extend the life of the installed measures. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Center for Watershed Protection http://vnvw.cwp.org A nonprofit dedicated to disseminating watershed protection information to community leaders and watershed managers, the center offers online resources, training seminars, and watershed protection techniques. Stormwater Manager's Resource Center http:fiwww.stormwatercenter.net This site forpractitioners and localgovemment officials provides technical assistance on stormwater management issues. U.S. EPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds http://www.e gov ov Liow This website has information about watersheds and information about water resource protection, water conservation, landscaping practices, and water pollution reduction. U.S. EPA, Post-Construction Stormwater Management in New Development and Redevelopment http://cfpub.epagovinpdesistormwaterimenuofbmpsfindex.cfm This EPA website provides information about catch basins as a tool for sediment control. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center http:fiww.ncdc.noaa.govioaincdc.html This website provides historical rainfall data and isohyetal maps for various storm events. 16 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281555

13. Definitions An aquifer is an underground water•bearing rock formation that supplies groundwater, wells, and springs. Retention ponds capture stormwater runoff and clear it of pollutants before its release. Some retention pond designs use gravity only; others use mechanical equipment, such as pipes and pumps, to facilitate transport. Some ponds are dry except during storm events; others permanently store water. Erosion is a combination of processes or events by which materials of the earth's surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported by natural agents (e.g., water, wind, or gravity). Impervious surfaces have a perviousness of less than so% and promote runoff of water instead of infiltration into the subsurface. Examples include parking lots, roads, sidewalks, and plazas. Infiltration basins and trenches are devices used to encourage subsurface infiltration of runoff volumes through temporary surface storage. Basins are ponds that can store large volumes of stormwater. They need to drain within 72 hours to maintain aerobic conditions and be available for future storm events. Trenches are similar to infiltration basins but are shallower and function as a subsurface reservoir for stormwater volumes. Pretreatment to remove sediment and oil may be necessary to avoid clogging infiltration devices. Infiltration trenches are more common in areas where infiltration basins are not possible. Porous pavement and permeable surfaces allow runoff to infiltrate into the ground. Stormwater runoff consists of water from precipitation that flows over surfaces into sewer systems or receiving water bodies. MI precipitation that leaves project site boundaries on the surface is considered stormwater runoff. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 17 EFTA00281556

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 3 OPTION 2, PATH 3: STORMWATER DESIGN-QUALITY CONTROL 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues As areas are developed and urbanized, surface permeability is reduced, resulting in increased stormwater runoff that is transported via gutters, pipes, and sewers to receiving waters. This stormwater contains sediment and other contaminants that have negative effects on water quality, navigation, and recreation. Furthermore, conveyance and treatment of stormwater require significant municipal infrastructure and maintenance. Sources of stormwater pollution include atmospheric deposition, vehicle fluid leaks, and mechanical equipment wastes. During storm events, these pollutants are washed away and discharged to downstream waters, damaging aquatic habitats and decreasing biological diversity of aquatic species. 2. Related Credits A building's efforts to capture and treat stormwater runoff may involve the use of pervious pavements, native or adapted vegetation, and increased on-site infiltration strategies, assisting projects with earning these credits: • SS Credit 4 Option 2, Path 2: Stormwater Management—Quantity Control • SS Credit t, Option 2, Path 4: Heat Island Reduction—Nonroof Efforts to capture and reuse rainwaterforirrigation or in nonpotable applications inside the building, such as toilet and urinals, can help projects earn the following credits: • SS Credit 4 Option 2, Path 7: Water-Efficient Landscaping—Reduce by so% • SS Credit 4 Option 2, Path 8: Water-Efficient Landscaping—No Potable Water Use or No Irrigation • SS Credit 1, Option a. Path io: Water Use Reduction-30% Reduction 3. Summary of Referenced Standard U.S. EPA 840892oo2, Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Non-Point Pollution in Coastal Waters, effective January 1993 http://www.emgoviowowInps/MMGI Hardcopy or microfiche (836 pages): National Technical Information Service (PB93-234672), http:/Sv, The EPA Office of Water http:fiwww.epa.gov/OWOW This document discusses a variety of management practices that can remove pollutants from stormwater volumes. Chapter 4, Part II, addresses urban runoff and suggests strategies for treating and filtering stormwater volumes after construction is completed. 4. Implementation Choose a base buildingthat has in place a stormwater treatment system that meets the requirements of SS Credit 1, Option 2, Path 3. Since underground systems usually aren't visible, some research into the building's history may be required to determine whether the stormwater system complies with the credit requirements. Consult facility personnel, design documents, manufacturer information, and code officials about the base building's stormwater treatment systems. Building management and permitting authority may have the information needed to demonstrate that the credit requirements are met. For physical 18 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281557

components, such as extractors, manufacturers' cut sheets can confirm that the installed system can remove suspended solids and phosphorus as required by the referenced standard. Facilities can be constructed to remove contaminants from the portion of stormwater that cannot be contained or reused on-site. Possible strategies include constructed wetlands, stormwater filtering systems, bioswales, retention basins, and vegetated filter strips. While evaluating potential buildings for commercial interior projects, see whether the base building site design incorporates compliant systems. 5. Timeline and Team Because tenants may not be able to influence the base building and site infrastructure design, LEED for Commercial Interiors projects may require a different approach than LEED for New Construction or Core & Shell projects. Work with building owners or facility managers to assess the base building for compliance with the LEED requirements. Since many local jurisdictions have comparable requirements, consult with local permitting officials to determine whether the local stormwater requirements at the time of the base building construction were adequate to meet this credit. If the edsting system does not meet the credit requirements, investigate opportunities to modify the site design. This may include modification of edsting stormwater management systems and replacing site hardscapes with vegetated areas that decrease site runoff. 6. Calculations I n most cases,buildings thathaveimplemented standard EPAorlocalbestmanagementpracticeswill not need to complete any calculations to demonstrate compliance with the requirements. [(designs far different from accepted best management practices have been developed and implemented, detailed engineering calculations may be required to demonstrate the reductions in total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP). 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ List the best management practices used to treat stormwater and record the percentage of annual rainfall that each is designed to handle. ■ For structural controls, list and describe the measures, and determine the percentage of annual rainfall that each is designed to handle. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under SS Credit t, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance. 10. Regional Variations The approach to this credit varies dramatically across different regions and climate zones because the t-year and 2-year 24-hour design storms are particular to a given location. Local stormwater management requirements also differ. The strategies employed in an urban, coastal environment where water is discharged to concrete channels and then the ocean will be much different from the approach for a rural, inland project that discharges to streams or lakes. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 3 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 19 EFTA00281558

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 3 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Ideally, the landlord has implemented a maintenance plan that includes periodic visual site inspections to identify any erosion and recommendations for typical corrective actions. Preventing erosion will extend the life of installed stormwater measures, since silting of infiltration trenches or dry retention wells may impair long-terrn performance. Further, this plan should address maintenance of any pervious pavement systems. This might include quarterly vacuuming or washing. The tenant should consider requiring periodic inspection and maintenance of these systems during lease negotiations 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (limxiftvww.usgbc.orgjprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 13. Definitions A constructed wetland is an engineered system designed to simulate natural wetland functions for water purification. In LEED, constructed wetlands are essentially treatment systems that remove contaminants from wastewater. Retention ponds capture stormwater nmoff and clear it of pollutants before its release. Some retention pond designs use gravity only; others use mechanical equipment, such as pipes and pumps, to facilitate transport. Some ponds are dry except during storm events; others permanently store water. Impervious surfaces have a perviousness of less than so% and promote runoff of water instead of infiltration into the subsurface. Examples include parking lots, roads, sidewalks, and plazas. Infiltration basins and trenches are devices used to encourage subsurface infiltration of runoff volumes through temporary surface storage. Basins are ponds that can store large volumes of stormwater. They need to drain within 72 hours to maintain aerobic conditions and be available for future storm events. Trenches are similar to infiltration basins but are shallower and function as a subsurface reservoir for stormwater volumes. Pretreatment to remove sediment and oil may be necessary to avoid clogging infiltration devices. Infiltration trenches are more common in areas where infiltration basins are not possible. Porous pavement and permeable surfaces allow runoff to infiltrate into the ground. Stormwater runoff consists ofwater from precipitation that flows over surfaces into sewer systems or receiving water bodies. MI precipitation that leaves project site boundaries on the surface is considered stormwater runoff. Total phosphorus (TP) consists of organically bound phosphates, polyphosphates, and orthophosphates in stormwater, the majority of which originates from fertilizer application. Chemical precipitation is the typical removal mechanism for phosphorus. Total suspended solids (TSS) are particles that are too small or light to be removed from stormwater via gravity settling. Suspended solid concentrations are typically removed via filtration. 20 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281559

OPTION 2, PATH 4: HEAT ISLAND EFFECT-NONROOF 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Theuseofdark,nonreflectivesurfaces for parking,roofsmallcways,andotherhardscapescontributes to the heat island effect by absorbing the sun's warmth, which then radiates into the surroundings. Because of heat island effect, ambient temperatures in urban areas are artificially elevated by 2° to ic3F compared with surrounding suburban and undeveloped areas." The result is increased cooling loads in the summer, requiring larger heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment and greater electricity consumption, both of which generate greenhouse gases and pollution. Heat islands are detrimental to site habitat, wildlife, and animal migration corridors. Plants and animals are also sensitive to large fluctuations in daytime and nighttime temperatures and may not thrive in areas affected by heat islands. Economic Issues The energy used to cool a building represents a substantial portion of the operating budget over its lifetime. Reducing heat islands can significantly lower cooling costs and HVAC equipment needs. According to the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the annual energy savings potential of heat island reduction measures, studied in the metropolitan areas of Sacramento, Baton Rouge, and Salt Lake City, range from $4 million to $15 million." By selecting base buildings that have taken steps to reduce heat island effect from nonroof surfaces, tenants can benefit from lower operating costs associated with space cooling. 2. Related Credits Properly designed and installed open-grid pavements increase stormwater infiltration on the site and reduce stormwater runoff, assisting projects with earning the following credits: ■ SS Credit t, Option 2, Path z Stormwater Design—Quantity Control ■ SS Credit t, Option 2, Path 3: Stormwater Design—Quality Control If the base building uses vegetation to shade hardscapes, refer to the landscape irrigation requirements in these 2 credits: ■ SS Credit t, Option 2, Path 7: Water Efficient Landscaping—Reduce by so% ■ SS Credit 1, Option 2, Path 8: Water-Efficient Landscaping—No Potable Water Use or No Irrigation 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Choose a base building with physical characteristics that reduce its contribution to heat island effect. LEED for Commercial Interiors SS Credit t, Option 4, has 3 compliance paths, all of which aim to reduce the potential for nonroofbuilding surfaces to absorb and retain heat. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make shaded, reflective, or open-grid site hardscapes a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. Ss CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 4 2C09 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 21 EFTA00281560

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 4 6. Calculations Shading of Nonroof Impervious Surfaces t. Identify all nonroof hardscape surfaces on the project site and sum the total area (T). Hardscapes must include all roads, sidewalks, courtyards, and parking lots within the LEED project boundary. a. Identify all hardscape surfaces that are shaded by trees or other landscape features (or will be shaded within 5 years from the date of installation). Shade coverage must be calculated at so to noon, and 3.. on the summer solstice. The arithmetic mean of these 3 values will be used as the effective shaded area. Calculated the effective shaded area (S). 3. Identify all hardscape surfaces shaded by solar energy panels and sum the total area (E). The shaded area can be considered equivalent to the area covered by the panels on the site plan (from a direct overhead aerial perspective). 4. Identify all hardscape surfaces shaded by architectural devices or structures that have an SRI of at least 29 and sum the total area (A). The shaded area can be considered equivalent to the area covered bythe architectural devices or structures on the site plan (from adirect overhead aerial perspective). 5. Identify all the hardscape surfaces that have an SRI of at least 29 and sum the total area (R). SRI can be calculated from emissivity and solar reflectance values. Emissivity is calculated by the manufactureraccording toASTM E408 or ASTM C 1374 and solar reflectance is calculated according to ASTM E 903, ASTM E 1918 or ASTM C 1549. Alternatively, use the SRI values for typical paving materials listed in Tables in lieu ofobtaining specific emissivity and solar reflectance measurements for the listed materials. Table 1. Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) for Standard Paving Materials Material Emissivity Reflectance SRI Typical new gray concrete 0.9 0.35 35 Typical weathered• gray concrete 0.9 0.20 19 Typical new white concrete 0.9 0.7 86 Typical weathered• white concrete 0.9 0.4 45 New asphalt 0.9 .05 0 Weathered asphalt 0.9 .10 6 ' Reflectance of surfaces can be maintained with cleaning. Typical pressure washing of cernentitious m tents can restore reflectance close to original value. Weathered values are based on no cleaning. 6. Identify all hardscape surfaces that have an open grid paving system that is at least so% pervious and sum the total area (O). 7. Sum the area of all qualifying surfaces to determine the total qualifying area (Q), using Equations. Equation 1 Q=( S -I- E -I- A -FR +0 ) 8. The total qualifying area must be at least 30% of the total hardscape area (T), as in Equation 2.. 22 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281561

Equation 2 Q > T X 0.3 Underground or Covered Parking 1. Determine the total number of parking spaces within the project boundary. a. Determine the number of parking spaces that are under cover (include underground, under deck, under roof, or under building). This number must be at least so% of the total number of parking spaces. 3. A base building with no parking is not eligible for this credit path. Open-Grid Parking Areas 1. Identify the total parking lot area on the project site (T). a. Identify all hardscape surfaces that are open-grid paving that is at least so% pervious and sum the total area (O). 3. The total qualifying area (O) must be at least so% of the total parking lot area, as in Equation 3. Equation 3 T O > — 2 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ If surfaces are shaded, prepare a site plan that highlights all nonroof hardscape areas. Clearly label each portion of hardscape that counts toward credit achievement. List material information about the compliant surfaces (e.g., SRI values of reflective paving materials). ■ If parking spaces are placed under cover, determine the total number of parking spaces and the portion covered. If applicable, assemble SRI values for the roofs that cover parking areas. si If hardscapes are open-grid paving, prepare a site plan that highlights the areas covered by the open-grid pavement system. Assemble information about the open-grid system used. 8. Examples The tenant space is in a building situated on a 25,00o-square-foot site, ofwhich ts,000 square feet is occupied by the building footprint and vegetated areas. Deciduous trees shade parking and driveway areas, and light-colored concrete with an SRI of 35 is in place for the driving aisles and walkways (Figure 1). Areas that contain both light-colored hardscapes and are shaded by trees are counted only once. Table 2 lists the areas of qualifying surfaces. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 23 EFTA00281562

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 4 Table 2. Sample Areas of Qualifying Surfaces Description Area CA Total nonroof hardscapes 10.000 Shaded areas 3.000 Areas of hardscapes with minimum SRI-29 4.000 Total qualifying surfaces 7.000 n this example, the total area of qualifying surfaces is greater than so% of the total area of nonroof hardscapes, and the project earns t point. Figure 1. Shading and SRI for Credit Compliance Parking Area with an SRI of 19 (does not contribute towards credit Diagram courtesy of Ow99 Shaded Area (contributes towards credit achievement) Driving Aisle with SRI of 35 (contributes towards credit Walkways with SRI of 35 (contributes towards credit 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn credit for exemplary performance under SS Credit I, Path ta, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance, by demonstrating that 2 or more of the compliance paths described above have been met. 10. Regional Variations Heat island intensities depend on an area's weather and climate, proximity to water bodies, and topography:I Buildings in very cold climates or at high latitudes may not experience the same rise 24 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EFTA00281563

of surface and ambient temperatures. Buildings in urban areas and those in climate zones 1, 2, and 3 (as defined by ASNIIASHRAEIIESNA Standard 90.1-2007) are most affected by heat islands and are likely to benefit from measures to decrease cooling loads by avoiding additional heat absorption. In sunny climates, building tenants may need to mitigate glare from reflective pavements into the building by providing shading devices. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Tenants who have located in a building that uses the strategies described in this credit should be aware of the need to maintain materials and systems. Surface materials with high reflectivity should be cleaned at least every 2 years to maintain good reflectance. Some open-grid pavement systems require special maintenance to remain pervious. If this is the responsibility of the tenant, project teams should request maintenance information from product manufacturers and installers and make sure this information is given to the operations team. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites American Concrete Pavement Association This national association represents concrete pavement contractors, cement companies, equipment and material manufacturers, and suppliers. See Albedo: A Measure of Pavement Surface Reflectance, R&T Update (3.05) (June zooz): Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Heat Island Group http://eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIslandi Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducts heat island research to find, analyze, and implement solutions to minimize heat island effect. Current research efforts focus on the study and development of more reflective surfaces for roadways and buildings. U.S. EPA, Heat Island Effect http:fiwww.epa.goviheatislandfindex.htm This website offers basic information about heat island effect, its social and environmental costs, and reduction strategies. 13. Definitions Albedo is synonymous with solar reflectance. Emissivity is the ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. Greenhouse gases are relatively transparent to the higher-energy sunlight but trap lower-energy infrared radiation (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, and CFCs). Hardscape consists of the inanimate elements of the building landscaping. Examples include pavement, roadways, stonewalls, concrete paths and sidewalks, and concrete, brick, and tile patios. Heat island effect refers to the absorption of heat by hardscapes, such as dark, nonreflective pavement and buildings, and its radiation to surrounding areas. Particularly in urban areas, other sources may include vehicle exhaust, air-conditioners, and street equipment; reduced airflow from tall buildings and narrow streets exacerbates the effect. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 4 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 25 EFTA00281564

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 4 Impervious surfaces have a perviousness of less than 50% and promote runoff of water instead of infiltration into the subsurface. Examples include parking lots, roads, sidewalks, and plazas. Infrared (or thermal) emittance is a parameter between o and 1 (or o% and t00%) that indicates the ability of a material to shed infrared radiation (heat). The wavelength range for this radiant energy is roughly 5 to 40 micrometers. Most building materials (including glass) are opaque in this part of the spectrum and have an emittance of roughly 0.9. Materials such as clean, bare metals are the most important exceptions to the 0.9 rule. Thus clean, untarnished galvanized steel has low emittance, and aluminum roof coatings have intermediate emittance levels. On-site wastewater treatment systems transport, store, treat, and dispose of wastewater volumes generated on the project site. Perviousness is the percentage of the surface area of a paving system that is open and allows moisture to soak into the ground below. Solar reflectance, or albedo, is a measure of the ability of a surface material to reflect sunlight— visible, infrared, and ultraviolet wavelengths—on a scale ofo tot. Black paint has a solar reflectance of 0; white paint (titanium dioxide) has a solar reflectance oft. The solar reflectance index (SRI) is a measure of a material's ability to reject solar heat, as shown by a small temperature rise. Standard black (reflectance 0.05, emittance 0.90) is o and standard white (reflectance 0.80, emittance 0.9o) is too. For example, a standard black surface has a temperature rise of go- F (50-C) in full sun, and a standard white surface has a temperature rise of 14.6'F (8.1t). Once the maximum temperature rise of a given material has been computed, the SRI can be calculated by interpolating between the values for white and black. Materials with the highest SRI values are the coolest choices for paving. Because of the way SRI is defined, particularly hot materials can even take slightly negative values, and particularly cool materials can even exceed 100. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Cool Roofing Materials Database) Undercover parking is underground or under a deck, roof, or building; its hardscape surfaces are shaded. 26 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281565

OPTION 2, PATH 5: HEAT ISLAND EFFECT-ROOF 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues The use of dark, nonreflective roofing surfaces contributes to the heat island effect by absorbing the sun's warmth, which then radiates into the surroundings. Because of the heat island effect, ambient temperatures in urban areas are artificially elevated, resulting in increased cooling loads, greater electricity consumption, and higher emissions of greenhouse gases and pollution. Heat islands are also detrimental to site habitat, wildlife, and the migration corridors of various species. Plants and animals are sensitive to large fluctuations in daytime and nighttime temperatures and may not thrive in areas affected by heat islands. In addition, base buildings that have vegetated roofs provide habitat for birds, insects, and other wildlife. Economic Issues Tenants can benefit from reduced costs associated with cooling and HVAC equipment by selecting base buildings that have vegetated roofing and/or highly reflective roofing materials. 2. Related Credits Properly designed and installed vegetated roofs increase stormwater infiltration on the site and help reduce stormwater runoff, assisting projects with earning these 2 credits: ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Path a: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Path 3: Stormwater Design—Quality Control Vegetated roofs also reduce the availabilityofrainwaterthatcan be harvested for nonpotable purposes, making the following water-efficiencycredits more challenging to achieve: ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Path 7: Water-Efficient Landscaping—Reduce by so% ■ SS Credit 1, Option 2, Path 8: Water-Efficient Landscaping—No Potable Water Use or No Irrigation ■ SS Credit t, Option a, Path 10: Water Use Reduction-3o% Reduction 3. Summary of Referenced Standards AS IA International Standards http://www.astm.org ASTM E1980-01, Standard Practice for Calculating Solar Reflectance Index of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Opaque Surfaces This standard describes how surface reflectivity and emissivity are combined to calculate a solar reflectance index (SRI) for a roofing material or other surface. The standard also describes a laboratory and field testing protocol that can be used to determine SRI. ASTM E408-71.(1996)m, Standard Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques This standard describes how to measure total normal emittance of surfaces using a portable inspection-meterinstrument. Thetest methods are intended forlarge surfaceswhere nondestructive testing is required. See the standard for testing steps and a discussion of thermal emittance theory. ASTM E903-96, Standard Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, and Transmitaance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres Referenced in the ENERGY STAR roofing standard, this test method uses spectrophotometers and need be applied only for initial reflectance measurement. It specifies methods of computing solar- weighted properties using the measured spectral values. This test method is applicable to materials S S CI Credit I OPTION 2: PATH 5 2C09 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 27 EFTA00281566

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 5 having both specular and diffuse optical properties. Except for transmitting sheet materials that are heterogeneous, patterned, or corrugated, this test method is preferred over Test Method E1084. The ENERGY STAR roofing standard also allows the use of reflectometers to measure roofing materials' solar reflectance. See the roofing standard for more details. 4. Implementation Choose a base building that has incorporated highly reflective roof surfaces or vegetated roofs. Use the LEED-certified buildings database to find local projects that have achieved LEED credit for roof heat island reduction and include this requirement in the criteria for selecting a base building. Local roofing product representatives may be able to identify buildings where their compliant products have been installed. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make an installed vegetated roof or reflective roofing a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. 6. Calculations i. Determine the total roof surface area of the project building (square feet). a. Determine the area of the roof covered by mechanical equipment, solar energy panels, and appurtenances, and deduct these areas from the total roof surface area. 3. Determine whether the areas of qualifying reflective and vegetated roofing are adequate to meet the credit requirements, using Equation'. Tablet provides SRI values for typical roofing materials. Project teams may use these values to determine compliance if manufacturers' data are not available for existing installed materials. Equation 1 Area of Low Slope SRI Material 78 X 0.75 SRI Value Area of Steep — Slope SRI Material 0.75 29 X SRI Value Vegetated Roof Area 0.5 Total Roof Deducoci Area Area Table 1. Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) for Typical Roofing Materials Example SRI Values for Solar Infrared Temperature Solar Solar Reflectance Infrared Eminence Temperature Rise SRI Gray EPDM 0.23 0.87 68°F 21 Gray asphalt shingle 0.22 0.91 67°F 22 Unpainted cement tile 0.25 0.9 65°F 25 White granular surface bitumen 0.26 0.92 63°F 28 Red clay tile 0.33 0.9 58°F 36 Light gravel on buitt-up roof 0.34 0.9 57°F 37 Aluminum coating 0.61 0.25 48°F 50 White-coated gravel on built-up roof 0.65 0.9 28°F 79 White coating on metal roof 0.67 0.85 28°F 82 White EPDM 0.69 0.87 25F 84 White cement tile 0.73 0.9 21F 90 White coating, 1 coat. 8 mils 0.8 0.91 14F 100 PVC white 0.83 0.92 I IF 104 White coating, 2 coats, 20 mils 0.85 0.91 9F 107 Source: LBNL Cool Roofing Materials Database 28 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281567

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • Prepare roof drawings that show the total roof area and the areas of reflective materials or vegetated roof systems. • List the roofing products and their emittance percentages, reflectance percentages, SRI values, and slopes. Retain product specifications that verify product characteristics. 8. Examples The project has selected tenant space in an office building that has a to,000-square-foot low-slope roof with both high-reflectance roofing materials and a vegetated roof system. The vegetated roof makes up 35% of the roof area. White EPDM roofing with a SRI of 85 covers 60% of the roof area, and the remaining5% is covered by rooftop mechanical equipment. Table 2 summarizes the roofing types. Table 2. Roofing Area Summary, by Type Roofing Type Area GO Vegetated roof area 3.500 White EPDM roof area (SRI-851, low slope 6.000 Mechanical equipment 500 Total roof area 10.000 Using Equation 1, ( 6" ▪ 3500 = 0.75 0.5 85 78 X ( ) 15,718 a 10,000 - 500 n this example, the white EPDM roofing plus the vegetated roofing meets the requirements of this credit, and the project earns 1 point. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn credit for exemplary performance under SS Credit 1, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance, by demonstrating that t00% of the building's roof area (excluding mechanical equipment, photovoltaic panels, and skylights) consists of a vegetated roof system. 10. Regional Variations Heat island intensities depend on an area's weather and climate, proximity to water bodies, and topography." Buildings in very cold climates or at high latitudes may not experience the same rise of surface and ambient temperatures. Projects in urban areas and those in climate zones t, 2, and 3 (as defined by ASNIIASHRAEIIESNA Standard 90.1-2007) are most affected by heat islands and are likely to benefit from measures to decrease cooling loads by avoiding additional heat absorption. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Tenants who have located in a building that uses the strategies described in this credit may not be responsible for their upkeep but should nevertheless be aware of the need to maintain materials and systems. Surface materials with high reflectivity should be cleaned at least every zyears to maintain good reflectance. S S CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 29 EFTA00281568

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 5 Building operators must have the necessary information to maintain any vegetated roofing system. An operations plan should specify the schedule for inspecting the roof membrane and plantings and maintaining drainage paths. Until plants are fully established, watering and fertilization may be necessary. Properly designed green roofs do not require mowing or cutting, though occasional weeding may be required. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpifiwww.usgbc.org(pLojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Cool Roof Rating Council http://wv.coolroofs.org This nonprofit organization is dedicated to implementing and communicating fair, accurate, and credible radiative energy performance rating systems for roof surfaces; supporting research into roofing surfaces' energy-related radiative properties, including durability; and providing education and objective support to parties interested in understanding and comparing various roofing options. ENERGY STAR. Reflective Roofing Products http://www.energystar.govfindex.cfrn? roof prods.pr_roof_products This website provides solar reflectance levels required to meet ENERGY STAR@ requirements for qualified roof products. Green Roofs for Healthy Cities This nonprofit industry association consists of individuals and public and private organizations committed to developing a market for green roof infrastructure products and services across North America. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Heat Island Group, Cool Roofs http://eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/CoolRoofsj This site offers a wealth of information about cool roof research and technology, including links to the cool roofing materials database. Pennsylvania State University, Center for Green Roof Research http://hortWeb.cas.psu.eduiresearchigreenroofcenteri The center aims to demonstrate and promote green roof research, education, and technology transfer in the Northeastern United States. Whole Building Design Guide, Extensive Green Roofs http://ww.wbdg.orgtresourcestreenroofs.plip This article by Charlie Miller, PE, details the features and benefits of constructing green roofs. 13. Definitions Albedo is synonymous with solar reflectance. Emissivity is the ratio ofthe radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. Greenhouse gases are relatively transparent to the higher-energy sunlight but trap lower-energy infrared radiation (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, and CFCs). Heat island effect refers to the absorption of heat by hardscapes, such as dark, nonreflective pavement and buildings, and its radiation to surrounding areas. Particularly in urban areas, other 30 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281569

sources may include vehicle exhaust, air-conditioners, and street equipment; reduced airflow from tall buildings and narrow streets exacerbates the effect. Infrared (or thermal) emittance is a parameter between o and 1 (or o% and t00%) that indicates the ability of a material to shed infrared radiation (heat). The wavelength range for this radiant energy is roughly 5 to 40 micrometers. Most building materials (including glass) are opaque in this part of the spectrum and have an emittance of roughly 0.9. Materials such as clean, bare metals are the most important exceptions to the 0.9 rule. Thus clean, untarnished galvanized steel has low emittance, and aluminum roof coatings have intermediate emittance levels. Solar reflectance, or albedo, is a measure of the ability of a surface material to reflect sunlight— visible, infrared,and ultraviolet wavelengths—on a scale of0 to 1. Black paint has a solar reflectance of 0; white paint (titanium dioxide) has a solar reflectance oft. The solar reflectance index (SRI) is a measure of a material's ability to reject solar heat, as shown by a small temperature rise. Standard black (reflectance 0.05, emittance 0.90) is o and standard white (reflectance 0.80, emittance 0.9o) is too. For example, a standard black surface has a temperature rise of 90-F (50-C) in full sun, and a standard white surface has a temperature rise of 1¢6'F (8.1-C). Once the maximum temperature rise of a given material has been computed, the SRI can be calculated by interpolating between the values for white and black. Materials with the highest SRI values are the coolest choices for paving. Because of the way SRI is defined, particularly hot materials can even take slightly negative values, and particularly cool materials can even exceed too. (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Cool Roofing Materials Database) SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 5 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 31 EFTA00281570

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 6 OPTION 2, PATH 6: LIGHT POLLUTION REDUCTION 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues This credit option seeks to recognize projects that minimize their contribution to light pollution from interior lighting. Light pollution consists of both light trespass (affecting adjacent sites) and sky glow (affecting the sky). Poorly designed interior perimeter lighting can affect the nocturnal ecosystem on the site if interior light passes through translucent or transparent openings in the building envelope and unnecessarily illuminates the exterior environment. This light pollution can hinder enjoyment of the night sky for both the building occupants and neighbors. Minimizing light pollution encourages nocturnal wildlife to thrive at the building site and permits observations of the night sky. Another benefit is better visual comfort and improved visibility. Sensitively designed lighting systems that minimize glare and provide more uniform light at lower levels create aesthetically pleasing, more secure environments. Acarefullydesigned and maintained lighting system can help a project be a nonintrusive member of the community. Economic Issues Well-controlled lighting provides the right amount of lighting in the right place at the right times, thereby saving energy. By selecting high-efficiency luminaries and light sources, the project team can maximize energy and maintenance savings over the lifetime of the building. 2. Related Credits By lighting areas only as necessary, designers avoid wasting light by spilling it through openings in the envelope (translucent or transparent). These efforts, along with the integration of lighting controls, support the achievement of the following credits: ■ EA Credit 1.1: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Power ■ EA Credit 1.2: Optimize Energy Performance—Lighting Controls Development of a comprehensive lighting design that has individual and group controls should also include automatic occupancy controls to shut off interior perimeter lighting when spaces are not occupied. These considerations relate to the following credit: • IEQ Credit 6.1: Controllability of Systems—Lighting 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Locate the project in a building with interior and exterior lighting equipment designed to eliminate light trespass from the building and the site, and include this requirement in the base building selection criteria. Local USGBC chapters or the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) may have detailed information on projects that have achieved light pollution reduction requirements. Project teams can meet the requirements of this credit through t of a options: OPTION 1 All nonemergency interior lighting fixtures must be automatically controlled and programmed to turn off or have their input power reduced by at least so% following regular business hours. Controls may be automatic sweep timers, occupancy sensors, or programmed master lighting 32 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281571

control panels. Manual or occupancy-based override capabilities that enable lights to be turned on for after-hours use should be included in the design. Projects operating 24 hours a day are exempt from the after-hours override automatic shutoff and thus must use Option 2. OPTION 2 All exterioropenings, such as windows, must have shielding that can be automatically controlled and programmed to close from 11:00 to 5:00 M. Shielding options include automatic shades that have less than 14A transmittance. An example is a rolling shade that controls light transmittance and is operated automatically, with a timer. 5. Timeline and Team Duringthedesign phase, the project team should considerstrategiesthatwill reduceoreliminatelight from exiting the building through openings in the building envelope (translucent or transparent). During construction administration, the architect or design team should verify that the shop drawings are compliant with the intended design. Field verification and adjustment of fixtures and fixture heads should take place during installation. After construction is complete, commissioning will ensure that automatic lighting controls or shading devices are operating according to the design intent. 6. Calculations There are no calculations required for this credit 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ If automatic controls are used for interior lighting, prepare drawings showing their location and incorporate the sequence of operation for lighting into drawings and specifications or the building operation plan. ■ [(automatic shading devices are used to control interior lighting, prepare drawings of shading devices, assemble specifications or product data showing that the shading devices result in transmittance of less than 1095, and incorporate the sequence of operation for automatic shading devices into drawings and specifications or the building operation plan. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This path is not eligible for exemplary performance under SS Credit 1, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations The project team should ensure that automatic control schedules for lighting or shading devices are documented in the building's operation plan. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 6 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 33 EFTA00281572

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 6 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpWwww.usgbc.orgiptojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites Illuminating Engineering Society of North America httpg/www.iesna.org The mission of IESNA is to benefit society by promoting knowledge and disseminating information for the improvement of the lighted environment. International Dark-Sky Association http://www.darksIcy.ozgiida/ida_z/indoc_html This nonprofit agency is dedicated to educating about and providing solutions to light pollution. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center http://www.Ircspi.edu This leading university-based research center is devoted to providing objective information about lighting technologies, applications, and products. Sky and Telescope This site Includes facts on light pollution and its effect on astronomy and information about purchasing light pollution-minimizing light fixtures. Print Media TheIESNALightingHandbook, ninth edition,edited by Mark S. Rea (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, woo). Lighting for Exterior Environments RP-33-99, by The IESNA Outdoor Environment Lighting Committee (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America,t999). Concepts in Practice Lighting: Lighting Design in Architecture, by Torquil Barker (B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1997). The Design ofLighting, by Peter Tregenza and David Loe (E Sc AN Spona998). 13. Definitions Light pollution is waste light from building sites that produces glare, is directed upward to the sky, or is directed off the site. Waste light does not increase nighttime safety, utility, or security and needlessly consumes energy. Light trespass is obtrusive light that is unwanted because of quantitative, directional, or spectral attributes. Light trespass can cause annoyance, discomfort, distraction, or loss of visibility. Sky glow is caused by stray light from unshielded light sources and light reflecting off surfaces that then enter the atmosphere and illuminate and reflect off dust, debris, and water vapor. Sky glow can substantially limit observation of the night sky, compromise astronomical research, and adversely affect nocturnal environments. 34 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281573

OPTION 2, PATH 7: WATER EFFICIENT LANDSCAPING-REDUCE BY 50%, AND PATH 8: WATER EFFICIENT LANDSCAPING-NO POTABLE WATER USE OR NO IRRIGATION 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Landscape irrigation practices in the United States consume large quantities of potable water. Outdoor uses, primarily landscaping, account for 30% of the z6 billion gallons of water consumed daily in the United States.'s Improved landscaping practices can dramatically reduce and even eliminate irrigation needs. Maintaining or reestablishing native or adapted plants on building sites fosters a self-sustaining landscape that requires minimal supplemental water and provides other environmental benefits as well, such as attracting native wildlife and creating a building site integrated with its natural surroundings. In addition, native or adapted plants tend to require less fertilizer and pesticides, and therefore reduce water quality degradation and other environmental impacts. Water-efficient landscaping helps conserve local and regional potable water resources. Maintaining natural aquifer conditions is important to providing reliable water sources for future generations. Consideration of water issues during planning can encourage development where resources can support it and prevent development if it would exceed the resource capacity. Economic Issues A water-efficient landscape design can lower municipal water use and maintenance requirements for the base building. The resulting cost savings may be reflected in lower lease rates. 2. Related Credits In addition to reducing potable water consumption, rainwater capture systems can be used to manage stormwater runoff and can help projects earn points under these credits: ■ SS Credit 4 Option 2, Path z: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control ■ SS Credit 4 Option 2, Path 3: Stormwater Design—Quality Control Landscape plantings that shade hardscapes can help achieve the following credit: ■ SS Credit 4 Option 2, Path 4: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof Additionally, landscape plantings can mitigate climate conditions and reduce building energy consumption (for example, by shading south-facing windows), contributing to this credit: ■ EA Credit I: Optimize Energy Performance The use of a vegetated roof may contribute to the achievement of another SS credit: ■ SS Credit t, Option 2, Path 5: Heat Island Effect—Roof 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation Choose a base building with water-efficient landscape irrigation that is designed to reduce or eliminate the use of potable water by incorporating features such as these: ■ Landscaping with indigenous plants. CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7: PATH 8 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 35 EFTA00281574

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 ■ Rainwater collection systems. • High-efficiency irrigation strategies, such as microirrigation systems, moisture sensors, timers, and weather database controllers. • Graywater systems used for site irrigation. Landscape irrigation using "nuisance" groundwater (i.e., groundwater that must be pumped away from the building's basement or foundation) is an example of a strategy to achieve this option. However, a well installed specifically to collect groundwater for irrigation does not meet the intent of this credit. Additionally, a project site that has no landscaping is not eligible. Buildings without vegetation or other ecologically appropriate features on the grounds can nevertheless earn points by reducing the use of potable water for watering any roof or courtyard garden space or outdoor planters, provided the planters or garden space cover at least 5% of the building site area (including building footprint, hardscape area, parking footprint, etc.). If the planters or garden space cover less than 5% of the building site area, the project is ineligible for this credit. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make installed native landscaping, rainwater collection systems, high- efficiency irrigation strategies, or graywater systems a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. 6. Calculations The following calculation methodology is used to support the credit submittals for Options 7 and 8. To quantify water-efficient landscaping measures, determine the irrigation volumes for the designed landscape irrigation system for July and compare these with irrigation volumes required for a baseline landscape irrigation system. The resulting water savings is the difference between the 2 systems. The factors that must be calculated to determine irrigation volumes are explained in detail in the following paragraphs and summarized in Tablet. To calculate the percentage reduction in potable or natural water use for this credit, establish a baseline water use rate for the project and then calculate the as-designed water use rate according to the steps listed below. Standard Assumptions and Variables • All calculations are based on irrigation during July. ■ The landscape coefficient (KO indicatesthevolumeofwaterlost throughevapotranspiration. It varies with the plant species, microclimate, and planting density. The formula for determining the landscape coefficient is given in Equation 3. ■ The species factor (Ics) accounts for variation in water needs by different plant species, divided into 3 categories (high, average, and low water need). To determine the appropriate category for a plant species, use plant manuals and professional experience. This factor is somewhat subjective, but landscape professionals know the general water needs of plant species. Landscapes can be maintained in acceptable condition at about 50%of the reference evapotranspiration (ETO) value, and thus the average value of ks is 0.5. If a species does not require irrigation once it is established, then the effective ks = a and the resulting Kr. = 0. • The density factor (Ica) accounts for the number of plants and the total leaf area of a landscape. Sparsely planted areas will have lessevapotranspiration than densely planted areas. An average kd is applied to areas where shading from trees is 60% tome:1%. This is equivalent to shrubs and groundcover that shade 90% to 100% of the landscape area. Low kd values are found where shading from trees is less than 60%, or where shrub and groundcover shading is less than 90% 36 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281575

For instance, a 25% ground shading from trees results in a Ica value of 0.5. In mixed plantings, where the tree canopy shades understory shrubs and groundcover, evapotranspiration increases. This represents the highest level of landscape density, and the kd value is to to 1.3. ■ The microclimatefactor (km) accountsforenvironmentalconditionsspecifictothelandscape, including temperature, wind, and humidity. For instance, parking lots increase wind and temperature effects on adjacent landscapes. The average Iczne is t.o; this refers to conditions where evapotranspiration is unaffected by buildings, pavements, reflective surfaces, or slopes. High-km conditions occur where evaporative potential is increased byheat-absorbing and reflective surfaces or exposure to high winds; examples include parking lots, west sides of buildings, and the west and south-facing slopes, medians, and areas experiencing wind tunnel effects. Low-km landscapes include shaded areas and areas protected from wind, such as north sides of buildings, courtyards, areas under wide building overhangs, and north-facing slopes. STEP 1. Create a Design Case Determine the landscape area for the project. This number must represent the as-designed landscape area and must use the same project boundary as is used in all other LEED credits. Sort the total landscape area into the major vegetation types (trees, shrubs, groundcover, mixed, and turf grass), listing the area for each. Determine the following characteristics for each landscape area: species factor (lcs), density factor (ka), and microclimate factor (km). Recommended values for each are provided in Table t. Select the low, average, or high value for each parameter as appropriate for the site. Explain any variance from these recommended values in the credit narrative. Table 1. Landscape Factors Vegetation type Species Factor 041 Density Factor (ro) Microclimate Factor (knc) Low Average High Low Average Hie. Low Average High Trees 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.5 1.0 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.4 Shrubs 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.3 Groundcover 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.2 Mixed trees. shrubs. groundcover 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.4 Turf grass 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 Calculate the landscape coefficient (KL) by multiplying the 3 area characteristics, as shown in Equation 1. Equation 1 K1 = k, x ks x km, Determine the reference evapotranspiration rate (ETo) for the region. This rate is a measurement of the total amount ofwater needed to growa reference plant (such as grass or alfalfa), expressed in millimeters or inches. The values for ET° in various regions throughout the United States can be found in regional agricultural data (see Resources). The ETO for July is used in the LEED calculation because this is typically the month with the greatest evapotranspiration effects and, therefore, the greatest irrigation demands. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 37 EFTA00281576

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 Calculate the project-specific evapotranspiration rate (ETL) for each landscape area by multiplying the (ETO) by the ICE., as shown in Equation a. Equation 2 Eh fin) = ETo X 1(i. Determine the irrigation efficiency (IE) by listing the type of irrigation used for each landscape area and the corresponding efficiency. Table a lists irrigation efficiencies for different irrigation systems. Calculations will be accepted that include water use reduction and efficiencies from rotating heads, pressure-regulating heads, and "smart" irrigation controls. These numbers must be supported by either manufacturers' documentation or detailed calculations by the landscape designer. Table 2. Irrigation Types and Efficiencies TYPe ffici E ency Sprinkler 0.625 Drip 0.90 Determine, if applicable, the controller efficiency (CE), the percentage reduction in water use from any weather-based controllers or moisture sensor-based systems. This number must be supported by either manufacturers' documentation or detailed calculations by the landscape designer. Determine, if applicable, the volume of reuse water (harvested rainwater, recycled graywater, or treated wastewater) available in July. Reuse water volumes may depend on rainfall volume and frequency, building-generated graywater and wastewater, and on-site storage capacity. On- site reuse systems must be modeled to predict volumes generated on a monthly basis as well as optimal storage capacity. For harvested rainwater calculations, project teams may either use the collected rainwater total for July based on historical average precipitation, or use historical data for each month to model collection and reuse throughout the year. The latter method allows the project team to determine the volume of water that can be expected in the storage cistern at the beginning ofluly and add it to the expected rainwater volume collected during the month; it also allows the team to determine the optimal size of the rainwater cistern. To calculate the total water applied (TWA) and total potable water applied (TPWA) for each landscape area and the installed case, use Equations 3 and 4. Equation 3 ( Design Case TWA (gal) = Area (s0 X Eh (in) IE ) X CE X 0.6233 (gaUsfAn) Equation 4 Design Case TPWA (gal) = TWA (ga0 — Reuse Water (gal) STEP 2. Create the Baseline Case In the baseline case, the species factor (k3), density factor (Ica), and irrigation efficiency (IE) are set to average values representative of conventional equipment and design practices. The same microclimate factors (kmc) and the reference evapotranspiration rate (ET0) are used in both cases. If the project substitutes low-water-using plants (such as shrubs) for high-water- using types (such as turf grass), the landscape areas can be reallocated in the baseline case, but 38 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281577

the total landscape area must remain the same. The baseline cannot be t00% turf grass if typical landscaping practices in the region include trees, shrubs, and planting beds. Calculate the TWA for the baseline case using Equation 5. Equation 5 Ell. (in) Baseline Case TWA (gal) = Area (sr) X X 0.6233 (galisf/in) IE STEP 3 Calculate the percentage reduction in total irrigation water use (potable and reuse) AND the percentage reduction of potable water use for irrigation. Calculate the percentage reduction of potable water use according to Equation 6. Equation 6 Percentage Reduction of Potable Water 1%) Design TPWA 1 ) X 100 Baseline TWA If the percentage reduction of potable water use for irrigation achieved is so% or more, it meets the requirements for Option 7. If the percentage reduction of potable water use for irrigation achieved is t00% and the percentage reduction of total water use for irrigation is so% or more, it meets the requirements for Option 8 as well as Option 7. If the percentage reduction of potable water use for irrigation is 1OO%, also calculate the percentage reduction of total water (potable plus reuse), according to Equation 7. Equation 7 Percentage Reduction of = Total Water (%) Design TWA Baseline TWA X too 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Estimate the amounts of potable and nonpotable water used for landscape irrigation. ■ Estimate the percentage reduction in water demand, and report on the portion of irrigation that will come from each nonpotable source (if any). • Prepare a landscape plan showing a planting schedule and irrigation system. 8. Examples EXAMPLE 1. OPTION 2, PATH 7 An office building in Austin, Texas, has a total site area of 6,000 square feet. The site comprises 3 landscape types: shrubs, mixed vegetation, and turf grass. MI are irrigated with a combination of potable water and graywater harvested from the building. The reference evapotranspiration rate (ETO) for Austin in July, obtained from the local agricultural data service, is 8.12. The high- efficiency irrigation system utilizes drip irrigation with an efficiency of go% and reuses an estimated 4,zoo gallons of graywater during July. Table 3 shows the calculations to determine total potable water use for the designed case. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 2C09 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 39 EFTA00281578

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 The baseline case uses the same reference evapotranspiration rate and total site area. However, it uses sprinklers for irrigation (IE = 0.625), does not take advantage of graywater harvesting, and irrigates only shrubs and turf grass. Calculations to determine total water use for the baseline case are presented in Table 4. The design case has an irrigation water demand of 14,63zgallons.Graywater reuse provides 4,zoo gallons toward the demand, and this volume is treated as a credit in the water calculation. Thus, the total potable water use in July is 1443z gallons. The baseline case has an irrigation demand of 38,967 gallons and uses no graywater. The project thus achieves a potable water savings of 73% and earns SS Credit 1, Path 7. Table 3. Design Case (July) Landscape Type Area (sf) Species Factor (kr) Density Factor Ord) Microclimate Factor waked KL ETL IE TWA (gal) Shrubs 1.200 Low 0.2 Avg 1.0 High 1.3 0.26 2.11 Drip 1.754.5 Mixed 3.900 Low 0.2 Avg 1.1 High 1.4 0.31 2.50 Drip 6,755 Turf grass 900 Avg 0.7 Avg 1.0 High 1.2 0.84 6.82 Sprinkler 6,122 Subtotal TWA (gal) 14,632 July rainwater a d graywata harvest (gall (4.200) TPWA (gall 10,432 Table 4. Baseline Case (July) Landscape Type Area (so Species Facta (") Density Facta (lad Microclimate Factor (km) KL ETL IE 1WA (gal) Shrubs 1.200 Avg 0.5 Avg 1.0 High 1.3 0.65 5.28 Sprinkler 6.316.4 Turf grass 4,800 Avg 0.7 Avg 1.0 High 1.2 0.84 6.82 Sprinkler 32.650.8 Subtotal TWA (gal) 38,967 EXAMPLE 2. OPTION 2, PATH 8 The project team could achieve Path 8 bycompletelyeliminating the need for potable water. One strategy is to rely on native plants and harvest rainwater for irrigation use, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. A sketch of potential areas for rainwater collection and native plantings on-site to eliminate the need for potable water for irrigation. water low Iron roof le garden • alt. In Iron roof to cistern for water collection droughttts era planting; 40 LIED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GRIEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281579

Figure 2. A site section showing the cistern for rainwater harvesting which feeds a drip irrigation system to eliminate any potable water needed for irrigation. Et. OIN nine. chnsit hirdt phnii ten nisralls loltrazt *el tool+o. the gii0en UnM 4O 0,/ $3,11:et tM pv.PNOI 9. Exemplary Performance This path is not eligible for exemplary performance under SS Credit 1, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance. 10. Regional Variations Much of the United States is faced with increasing demands on existing water supplies, and it is therefore important to landscape sites appropriately for the climate. Appropriately designed landscaping should take into account climate and microclimate, sun exposure, soil type, site drainage, topography, and irrigation options. In hot, dry climates, use drought-tolerant plants and xeriscape designs. Reducing or eliminating turf grass will lessen the demand on potable water. Rocks and stones can be incorporated into the landscape instead. If turf grass is desired, select a species that can endure drought. In hot, humid, and temperate climates, use native plants combined with rain or moisture sensors to avoid unnecessary watering in the wet seasons. The use of captured rainwater can help eliminate the use of potable water for irrigation needs. In cold climates, install hardy native plants and trees. Rain or moisture sensors will prevent excessive watering. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations The building's facility manager will typically be responsible for the operations and maintenance of the water-efficient landscaping systems. A simple way to increase the efficiency of a conventional system is to schedule watering early or late in the daywhen evaporation is minimal.This allows more water to soak into the ground and reach the roots of the plants. Irrigation systems and controllers must be commissioned to work optimally. This includes inspecting, maintaining, and adjusting the systems on a regular basis. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpdhvww.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites American Water Works Association, WaterWiser: The Water Efficiency Clearinghouse httruwww.awwa.orydwaterwiser This clearinghouse includes articles, reference materials, and papers on all forms of water efficiency. California State University at Fresno, Center for Irrigation Technology httplicati.csufresno.edulcit CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 41 EFTA00281580

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 CIT is an independent research and testing facility providing information to designers, manufacturers, and users of irrigation equipment. Irrigation Association htuxfiwww.irrigation.org This nonprofit organization promotes products that efficiently use water in irrigation applications. Rain Birds ET Manager"' Scheduler This free software provides sufficient local evapo-transpiration data for the United States and Canada. Use data from the closest or most climate-appropriate location. University of Missouri Extension, Water-Efficient Gardening and Landscaping http://muextension.missouri.edukcplorlagguides/hortigoOtz.htm This website has general descriptions and strategies for water efficiency in gardens and landscapings. Print Media Evapotranspiration and Inigation Water Requirements, ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No.70 (ASCE, 1990). Efficient Irrigation: A Reference Manual for Turf and Landscape, by Geoff Connellan (University of Melbourne, 2002). Estimating Irrigation Water Needs of Landscape Plantings in California (University of California Cooperative Extension and California Department of Water Resources,1999). This guide explains the landscaping coefficient method established by the University of California. http://wv.owue.vrater.ca.govidocstwucolsoo.pdf. Landscape Inigation: Design and Management, by Stephen W. Smith (John VViley &Sons, 1996). Ttuffrn.gation Manual, fifth edition, by Richard B. Choate (Telsco Industries, 1994). Water-Efficient Landscaping: Preventing Pollution and Using Resources Wisely (the EPA, 2002). This EPA manual describes ways to reduce water consumption through creative landscaping techniques. 13. Definitions An aquifer is an underground water-bearing rock formation that supplies groundwater, wells, and springs. Conventional irrigation refers to the most common irrigation system used in the region where the project is located. A common conventional irrigation system uses pressure to deliver water and distributes it through sprinkler heads above the ground. Drip irrigation delivers water at low pressure through buried mains and submains. From the submains, water is distributed to the soil through a network of perforated tubes or emitters. Drip irrigation is a high-efficiency type of microirrigation. Evapotranspiration is the loss of water by evaporation from the soil and by transpiration from plants. It is expressed in millimeters per unit of time. Graywater is defined by the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) in its Appendix G, Gray Water Systems for Single-Family Dwellings, as "untreated household wastewater which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Greywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, and water from clothes-washer and laundrytubs. It must not include waste water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers." The International Plumbing Code (I PC) defines graywater in its Appendix C, Gray 42 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281581

Water Recycling Systems, as "waste water discharged from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes washers and laundry sinks." Some states and local authorities allow kitchen sink wastewater to be included in graywater. Other differences with the UPC and IPC definitions can likely be found in state and local codes. Project teams should comply with graywater definitions as established by the authority havingjurisdiction in the project area. The landscape area is the total site area less the building footprint, paved surfaces, water bodies, and patios. Potable water meets or exceeds the EPA's drinking water quality standards and is approved for human consumption by the state or local authorities having jurisdiction; it may be supplied from wells or municipal water systems. Xeriscaping is a landscaping method that makes routine irrigation unnecessary. It uses drought- adaptable and low-water plants as well as soil amendments such as compost and mulches to reduce evaporation. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 7. PATH 8 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 43 EFTA00281582

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 OPTION 2, PATH 9: INNOVATIVE WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGIES 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Water closets and urinals do not require the same high level of water quality that is necessary for fixtures such as faucets and showerheads. Reducing the amount of water needed for the potable water supply reduces the total amount withdrawn from natural water bodies. Similarly, reducing or eliminating the volume of sewage that leaves the site reduces public infrastructure, chemical inputs, energy use, and emissions at municipal water treatment works. Water efficiency and reuse can greatly reduce these environmental impacts, and project teams should consider comparing the environmental impacts of off-site treatment and supply versus on-site treatment. On-sitewastewater treatment systems transform perceived "wastes" into resources that can be used on the building site and provide opportunities to enhance occupants' understanding of nutrient cycles. These resources include treated water volumes for potable and nonpotable use, as well as nutrients that can be applied to the site to improve soil conditions. Economic Issues Facilities and spaces that generate large amounts of wastewater can realize considerable savings by reducing the amount of potable water needed for sewage conveyance. High-efficiency toilets and urinals may have a minimal cost premium depending on the building type, but other strategies, such as recycling graywater or rainwater harvesting, require added initial investment by the building developer and may be reflected in the lease rates for these properties. Choosing space in a building with high-efficiency plumbing systems, or incorporating them into tenant spaces where applicable, can reduce water utility costs for the tenant. 2. Related Credits Efforts to reduce potable water for sewage conveyance can contribute to achieving the following credits: ■ SS Credit t Option B, Path to: Water Use Reduction-30% ■ WE Prerequisite t: Water Use Reduction ■ WE Credit 1: Water Use Reduction Water treatment systems, if included in the tenant scope of work, require commissioning and are related to the following credits: ■ EA Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit z: Enhanced Commissioning 3. Summary of Referenced Standards U.S. Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of199z (and as amended) This act addresses energy and water use in commercial, institutional, and residential facilities. U.S. Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005 This statute became U.S. law in August zoos. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials Uniform Plumbing Code, Section 402.0: Water-Conserving Fixtures and Fittings, effective zoo6 Publication IAPMO/ANSI UPC 1-2006 http:thvww.iapmaorg The Uniform Plumbing Code defines water-conserving fixtures and fittings for water closets, 44 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281583

urinals, and metered faucets. This code, accredited by the American National Standards Institute, safeguards life, health, property, and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, installation, quality, location, operation, maintenance, and use of plumbing systems. International Code System, International Plumbing Code, Section 604, Design of Building Water Distribution System, effective we:16 International Code Council http://wmv.iccsafe.org The International Plumbing Code defines maximum flow and consumption rates for plumbing fixtures and fittings for use in public and private lavatories, showerheads, sink faucets, urinals, and water closets. 4. Implementation Choose abasebuilding with wastewatertechnologiesthat are designedto reduce the use ofmunicipal potable water. Either the municipal potable water used for sewage conveyance should be reduced by 50%, or 100% of the on-site wastewater should treated to tertiary standards. Include one of these requirements in the criteria for selecting a base building. Potable water is used for many functions that do not require high-quality water, such as toilet and urinal flushing and landscape irrigation. Effective methods for reducing potable water use for sewage conveyance include installation of low-consumption flush fixtures, such as high-efficiency water closets and urinals, nonwater urinals and toilet fixtures, and the harvesting of rainwater or reuse of graywater. Graywater systems collect the wastewater from sinks, showers, and other sources to reuse for flushing of toilets and urinals, to irrigate landscape, and to serve other functions that do not require potable water. Graywater treatment may be required prior to reuse depending on the intended end use and the local codes. If it is likely that a graywater system will be used in the future, install dual plumbing lines during the initial project construction to avoid the substantial costs and difficulty of adding them later. When reusing graywater volumes from the building, model the system on an annual basis to determine graywater volumes, generated storage capacity of the system, and any necessary treatment processes before reusing the water volumes. Graywater may not be consistently available throughout the year, depending on building occupants' activities. For instance, graywater volumes in typical office buildings will change only slightly with vacation schedules and holidays, but the volume in a school building will fall during the summer recess, and sufficient water may not be available for irrigation. When considering an on-site rainwater, graywater, or blacicwater collection system, first check with local government agencies for regulations and required permits. Each state has its own standards and requirements for the installation and operation of rainwater, graywater, and water treatment systems. Texas and California, for example, have standards that encourage the use of graywater systems, whereas other states have regulations that may limit or prohibit using graywater. In many areas, irrigation with graywater must be subsurface, although some regions allow aboveground irrigation. Projects that plan to treat wastewater on-site should consider constructed wetlands, mechanical recirculating sand filters, and anaerobic biological treatment reactors. The quality of rainwater is typically higher than that of collected graywater, so rainwater systems have significantly fewer code requirements and are often less expensive than graywater systems. Stormwater retention systems can be designedwith cisterns to hold rainwater runoff for nonpotable use. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 45 EFTA00281584

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 Local climate and weather pattems should be factored into determining the feasibilityof harvesting rainwater to reduce potable water for plumbing fixture flushing and landscape irrigation. When precipitation is evenly spread out throughout the year, rainwater harvesting systems may not require large storage capacities. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make innovative wastewater systems a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. 6. Calculations The following calculations are based on the annual generation ofblacicwater volumes from plumbing fixtures such as water closets and urinals. The calculations compare the design case with a baseline case and are based on occupancy conditions and fixtures and fittings for the entire building in which the tenant space is located. User Groups It may be advantageous when performing the water use calculations to divide the facility into separate user groups, calculate water use for each, and sum the values to determine whole building performance. Usergroups are populationswithin the building that use a specific subset ofwashroom facilities. Indicate which fixtures are available to each. If all occupants within the building have access to all fixtures, or if all fixtures are standard throughout the building, enter only a single user group. That is the simpler approach, but it may be more appropriate to define two or more groups to account for different fixtures in one area of the building or special usage patterns by a population within the building. For example, if fixture usage patterns are different on the first floor, enter a separate fixture group for the first floor. The following scenario illustrates the application of different fixture usage groups. The Riggs Hotel is in an urban center. The ground floor includes a restaurant open to the public, the hotel lobby, and administrative offices. The upper floors contain guest rooms. Restaurant, back- of-house, and guestroom restroom facilities have different fixture and fitting models. The project team has identified 3 distinct populations in the building and the specific restroom facilities they use: (t) restaurant (including customers and restaurant staff), (2) administrative back-of-house (including hotel administrators and operations staff), and (3) guest rooms (including hotel guests). Calculating Occupancy Calculate the FTE for regular building occupants, based on a standard 40-hour weekly occupancy period. An 8-hour occupant has an FTE value of 1.0, and part-time and overtime occupants have an FTE value based on their hours per day divided by 8 (FTE calculations for each shift of the project must be used consistently for all LEED credits). In buildings with multiple shifts, use the number of FTEs from all shifts. For residential projects, use the number of residents. Estimate the transient building occupants, such as students, visitors, and customers. Transient occupants can be reported as either a daily total or a full-time equivalent. When using daily totals for transients, match the fixture uses for each occupancy type with the values shown in Table 3 (e.g., for the daily total of students, assume 0.5 lavatory faucet uses per daily student visitor). If transients are reported as a daily full-time equivalent value, fixture uses for FTEs must be assumed regardless of the transient population's identity (e.g., for students reported as FTEs, assume 3 lavatory faucet uses per student FTE). Use a transient occupancy number that is a representative daily average over the course of a year. 46 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281585

If occupancy is not known, see Appendix 1, Default Occupancy Counts, for requirements and guidance. If the number of transient visitors per day for retail facilities is unknown, estimate the FTE value of this population based on the default values presented in Table 2. Table t provides default fixture usevalues for different occupancytypes. These values should be used inthecalculations forthis credit unless specialcircumstanceswarrant modifications. Mostbuildings with students, visitors, and retail customers will also have FTE occupants. Half of all students and visitors occupants are assumed to use a flush fixture and a lavatory faucet in the building and are not expected to use a shower or kitchen sink. A fifth of retail customers are assumed to use a flush and a flow fixture in the building and no shower or kitchen sink. The default for residential occupants is s uses per day ofwater closet and lavatory faucet, 1 shower, and 4 kitchen sink uses. For consistency across LEED projects, the calculations require the use of a balanced, 1-to-1 gender ratio unless specific project conditions warrant an alternative. For these special situations, provide a narrative description to explain the unique circumstances. Table 1. Standard Fixture Uses, by Occupancy Type Fixture Type FTE StudentNisitor Retail Customer Resident Uses/Day Water Closet — Female 3 0.5 0.2 5 —Male 1 0.1 0.1 5 Urinal — Female o 0 0 Ma — Male 2 0.4 0.1 Ma Lavatory Faucet — duration 15 sec: 12 sec with autccontrol — residential, duration 60 sec 3 0.5 0.2 5 Shower — duration 300 sec — residential, duration 480 sec 0.1 0 0 Kitchen Sink, — duration 15 sec — residential, duration 60 sec 1 Na 0 n/a 0 Na ma 4 Table 2. Default Values for Transient Retail Occupants Retail space FTE per 100 Id) Large-format retailer (greater than 50,000 square feet) 0.91 Grocery store 0.87 Restaurant 1.05 Small retailer 0.67 Service 0.77 Sources: 2001 Unifami Building Code. 2004-2005 Database for Enerp Efficiency Resources (DEER) Update Study: field investiptionamk performed by LEED Retail Cae Committee Members: ASNUPSIIRAEBESPUt 90.1-2007: LEED Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction. 2009 Eotion. Design Case The design case annual water use is determined by totaling the annual volume of each fixture type and subtracting any nonpotable water supply. The design case must use the rated flow rates and flush volumes for installed plumbing fixtures and fittings. Obtain water consumption data from manufacturers' published product literature. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 47 EFTA00281586

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 Perform calculations for each type of blackwater-generating fixture (Table 3). Table 3. Sample B lac kwater-Generati ng Fixtures and Fittings and Water Consumption Rush Ihture Flow Se (gpf) Conventional water closet 1.6 High-efficiency toilet (HET). single-flush gravity 1.28 HET, single-flush pressure assist 1.0 HET, dual flush (full-flush) 1.6 HET, dual flush (low-flush) 1.1 HET, foam flush 0.05 Non-water toilet 0.0 Conventional urinal 1.0 High-efficiency urinal (HEU) 0.5 Nonwater urinal 0.0 If rainwater or graywater harvested on-site is used for sewage conveyance, enter the estimated quantity in the calculation. Subtract the total annual quantity of nonpotable water from the total annual design case water usage. Calculations are required to demonstrate that the reuse volumes of rainwater or graywater are sufficient to meet water closet demands. Baseline Case The baseline case annual water use is determined by setting the fixture flush rates and flow rates to default values (as opposed to actual installed values in the design case). Eligible Fixtures This credit is limited to savings generated by water using flush fixtures (i.e., urinals and water closets). 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Determine the number of occupants of each type (e.g., FTEs, retail customers, visitors). ■ Retain plumbing fixture schedules and manufacturer data showing the water consumption rates, manufacturer, and model of each fixture and fitting. ■ List plumbing fixtures by usage groups, if appliable. ■ Define each usage group used. ■ If applicable, retain information about system schematics and capacity of rainwater or graywater systems. 8. Examples EXAMPLE 1. Wastewater Treatment System On-site biological treatment transforms waste into resources that can be used on the building site. Figure 1 shows the steps for on-site treatment. As solids settle in the aerobic septic tank, microbes begin to feed and break down the waste. The closed aerobic reactor is aerated by pumps to help remove aromatic compounds. The open aerobic reactors contain plants, algae, snails, and fish that further break down the organic waste. In the constructed wetland, aerobic 48 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2O09 EDITION EFTA00281587

and anaerobic reactions remove the remaining impurities and nitrates. This creates clean, nonpotable water that can be used in irrigation systems, water closets, or cooling towers. Figure I. On-site Biological Treatment of Wastewater Closed Aerobic Reactor Waste in from the building Anaerobic Septic Tank Clean effluent out Constructed Wetland EXAMPLE 2. Calculating Design and Baseline Cases Table 4 shows sample potable water calculations for sewage conveyance for a 2-story office building with 300 occupants. The calculations are based on a typical 8-hour workday. It is assumed that building occupants are so% male and 5096female. Male occupants are assumed to use water closets once and urinals twice in a typical workday. Female occupants are assumed to use water closets 3 times. Table 4. Design Case Fixture Type Daily Uses Flowrate (gpf) Occupants Sewage Generation (gal) Low-Flow Water Closet (Male) 0 1.1 150 0 Low-Flow Water Closet (Female) 3 1.1 150 495 Composting Toilet (Male) 1 0.0 150 0 Composting Toilet (Female) 0 0.0 150 0 Waterless Urinal (Male) 2 0.0 150 0 Waterless Urinal (Female) 0 0.0 150 0 Total Daily Volume (gal) 495 Annual Work Days 260 Annual Volume (gal) 128,700 Rainwater or Graywater Reuse Volume (gal> (36,000) Total Annual Volume (gal> 92,70D First, the design case is considered to determine annual potable water usage for sewage conveyance. The building uses either nonpotable rainwater for sewage conveyance or no water SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 49 EFTA00281588

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 for sewage conveyance (i.e., fixtures are waterless urinals and composting toilets). Table 4 summarizes the sewage generation rates; 92,700 gallons of potable water are used annually for sewage conveyance. In the example, 36,000 gallons of rainwater are harvested and directed to water closets for flushing. Table 5. Baseline Case Flatus Type Daily Uses Flowrate (60) 0ccuParlts Sewage Generation teen Water Closet (Male) 1 1.6 150 240 Water Closet (Female) 3 1.6 150 720 Urinal (Male) 2 1.0 150 300 Urinal (Female) 0 1.0 150 0 Total Daily Volume (gal) 1.260 Annual Work Days 260 Total Annual Volume (gal) 327.600 Table 5 summarizes baseline calculations. The baseline case estimates that sewage conveyance requires 327,600 gallons of potable water per year. Comparison of the baseline with the design case indicates that the building realizes a 72% reduction in potable water volumes used for sewage conveyance (1 - 92,700/327,600). Thus, this strategy earns 2 points under this credit. When developing the baseline, only the fixtures, sewage generation rates, and the water reuse credit are different from the design case; usage rates, occupancy, and number of workdays remain the same. 9. Exemplary Performance This path is not eligible for exemplary performance under SS Credit 1, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance. 10. Regional Variations The necessity and availability of wastewater reuse and treatment strategies vary by region. Where aquifers cannot meet the needs of the population, rainwater and other recovered water is the least expensive alternative source. In drought-prone regions, on-site graywater and blackwater treatment may provide an alternative to using potable water for faucets and showers. Local and regional building and health codes and ordinances govern on-site water treatment and the use ofharvested rainwater and graywater;these strategies are prohibited in some states.Additionally, codes differ in their handling of alternative plumbing fixtures, such as dual-flush or low-flow water closets, composting toilets, and waterless urinals. Confirm the legality of nontraditional approaches with code officials prior to making a commitment to specific water-saving strategies. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations To ensure continued water savings as well as owner and occupant satisfaction, maintenance staff must be trained in the operations and maintenance of any specialized equipment. For example, waterless urinals generally need to be cleaned according to manufacturers' specifications and their chemical traps appropriately maintained, and 0.5-gallon and O.2-gallon flushing urinals must also be maintained according to manufacturers' specifications. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 50 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281589

Websites American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association http://wv.arcsa-usa.org This website includes an riety of publications such as the Texas Guide to Rainwater Harvesting. Choosing a Toilet This article in Fine Homebuilding describes several types ofwater-efficient toilets. Environmental Building News, Water: Doing More with Less This article describes building water efficiency. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center http://wcvw.ncdc.noaa.govfoaincdc.html This site is useful for researching local climate data such as rainfall amounts. It also includes links to state climate offices. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), Water http://www.rmi.orgisitepagesjpidu.8.Op This portion of RMI's website is devoted to water conservation and efficiency. The site contains information on commercial, industrial, and institutional water use, watershed management, and articles on policy and implementation. Terry Love's Consumer Toilet Reports This website offers a plumber's perspective on many of the major toilets used in commercial and residential applications. U.S. EPA, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat 17 Case Studies,1993 http://wmv.emgov/owowiwetlands/construc The case studies in this document, Publication 832/8.93-005, describe 17 wetland treatment systems that improve water quality and wildlife habitat. The projects described include systems with constructed and natural wetlands; created and restored habitats; and municipal effluent, urban stormwater, and river water quality improvements. U.S. EPA, How to Conserve Water and Use It Effectively http://+nnvtv.epa.gov/owow/NPS/chaP3.html This website provides guidance for commercial, industrial, and residential water-users on saving water and reducing sewage volumes. U.S. EPA, On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual http://wwwepa.gov/OW-OWM.htmlisepticipubsiseptic_management_handbook.pdf This manual provides a focused, performance-based approach to on-site wastewater treatment and system management, including information on a variety of on-site sewage treatment options. U.S. EPA, WaterSense http://www.epafs_oviwatersense The WaterSense Program is intended to make it easyforU.S. consumers to savewater and protectthe environment Look for the WaterSense label to help choose high-quality,water-efficient products. A variety of products is available, and they do not require a change in lifestyle. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 51 EFTA00281590

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 Water Closet Performance Testing This site provides 2 reports of independent test results on flush performance and reliability for a variety of toilets. Print Media Constntcted Wetlandsfor WastewaterTnahnent and Wildlre Habitat: 17 Case Studies (EPA 832/8-93-005) (U.S. EPA, 1993). Mechanical & Electrical Equipment far Buildings, eighth edition, by Benjamin Stein and John Reynolds (John Wiley and Sons,1992). Sustainable Building Technical Manual (Public Technology, Inc., t996). On-Site WastewaterTreatment Systems Manual (U.S. EPA,2002). http://ww.epa.goviowmisepticfpubsiseptic_2002_osdm_all.Of This manual provides a focused and performance-based approach to on-site wastewater treatment and system management. The document provides valuable information on various on-site sewage treatment options. 13. Definitions Aquatic systems are ecologically designed treatment systems in which a diverse community of biological organisms (e.g., bacteria, plants, fish) treat wastewater. An aquifer is an underground water-bearing rock formation that supplies groundwater, wells, and springs. Blackwater definitions vary, but wastewater from toilets and urinals is always considered blackwater. Wastewater from kitchen sinks (perhaps differentiated by the use of a garbage disposal), showers, or bathtubs is considered blackwater under some state or local codes. Composting toilet systems utilize foam flush or nonwater toilet fixtures to treat human waste via biological processes, producing biologically stable end products. Graywater is defined by the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) in its Appendix G, Gray Water Systems for Single-Family Dwellings, as "untreated household wastewater which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Greywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, and water from clothes-washer and laundrytubs. It must not include waste water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers." The International Plumbing Code (I PC) defines graywater in its Appendix C, Gray Water Recycling Systems, as "waste water discharged from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes washers and laundry sinks." Some states and local authorities allow kitchen sink wastewater to be included in graywater. Other differences with the UPC and IPC definitions can likely be found in state and local codes. Project teams should comply with graywater definitions as established by the authority having jurisdiction in the project area. Nonpotable water. See potable water. On-site wastewater treatment systems transport, store, treat, and dispose of wastewater volumes generated on the project site. Potable Water is water that is suitable for drinking and is supplied from wells or municipal water systems. Potable Water is water that meets drinking water quality standards and is approved for human consumption by the state or local authorities havingjurisdiction. Process water is used for industrial processes and building systems such as cooling towers, boilers, and chillers. It can also refer to water used in operational processes, such as dishwashing, clothes washing, and ice making. 52 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281591

Tertiary treatment is the highest form of wastewater treatment and includes removal of organics, solids, and nutrients as well as biological or chemical polishing, generally to effluent limits of io mg/L biological oxygen demand (BOD) 5, and m mg/L total suspended solids (TSS). Wastewater is the spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter. (Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable) Waterless urinals are dry plumbing fixtures that use advanced hydraulic design and a buoyant fluid to maintain sanitary conditions. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 9 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 53 EFTA00281592

CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 10 OPTION 2, PATH 10: WATER USE REDUCTION-30% REDUCTION 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Refer to the Benefits and Issues section of WE Credit Water Use Reduction. Option z, Path to of SS Credit t differs from WE Credit tin that it applies to whole buildings, rather than to occupant spaces within buildings. 2. Related Credits For information on related credits, refer to the Related Credits section in WE Credit t. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards The Energy PolicyAct (EPAct) of1992 (and as amended) This act addresses energy and water use in commercial, institutional, and residential facilities. The Energy PolicyAct (EPAct) of 2005 This statute became U.S. law in August zoos. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, Uniform Plumbing Code, Section 402.0, Water-Conserving Fixtures and Fittings, effective 2006 Publication IAPMOJANSI UPC 1-2006 http:fiwww.iapmo.org The Uniform Plumbing Code defines water-conserving fixtures and fittings for water closets, urinals, and metered faucets. This ANSI-accredited code safeguards life, health, property, and public welfare by regulating and controlling the design, construction, installation, quality, location, operation, maintenance, and use of plumbing systems. International Code Council, International Plumbing Code, Section 604, Design of Building Water Distribution System, effective 2006 http://wwwiccsafe.org The International Plumbing Code defines maximum flow and consumption rates for plumbing fixtures and fittings for use in public and private lavatories, sink faucets, urinals, and water closets. 4. Implementation Choose a base building that is equipped with water-conserving plumbing fixtures for the entire building. The building owner is required to demonstrate that these fixtures use 30% less water compared with the baseline fixture performance, and must also have an ongoing plan to require future occupants to comply. This path applies to LEED projects that use so% or less of the building's total square footage; this requirement prevents large projects that occupy the majority of the building from getting double credit here and under WE Credit I. See WE Prerequisite 1 for more information. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make water-conserving fixtures and fittings a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. See WE Prerequiste t for more information. 6. Calculations The following section describes the calculation methodology for determining water use savings under this credit. The water use reduction for the project is the difference between the calculated design case and a baseline case. The percentage is determined by dividing the design case usage 54 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281593

by the baseline usage. The methodology differs from traditional plumbing design, in which the calculations are based on fixture counts; under this credit, the water use calculation is based on fixture and fitting water consumption rates and estimated usage by the occupants. Estimated occupant usage is determined by calculating full-time equivalent (FTE) and transient occupants and applying appropriate fixture use rates to each occupant type. For this credit, occupancy is based on the entire facility, not just the tenant space occupied by the LEED project. User Groups It may be advantageous when performing the water use calculations to divide the facility into separate user groups, calculate water use for each, and sum the values to determine whole building performance. Usergroups are populationswithin the building that use a specific subset ofwashroom facilities. Indicate which fixtures are available to each. If all occupants within the building have access to all fixtures, or if all fixtures are standard throughout the building, enter only a single user group. That is the simpler approach, but it may be more appropriate to define two or more groups to account for different fixtures in one area of the building or special usage patterns by a population within the building. For example, if fixture usage patterns are different on the first floor, enter a separate fixture group for the first floor. Calculating Occupancy Calculate the FTE for regular building occupants, based on a standard 40-hour weekly occupancy period. An 8-hour occupant has an FTE value of 1.0, and part-time and overtime occupants have an FTE value based on their hours per day divided by 8 (FTE calculations for each shift of the project must be used consistently for all LEED credits). In buildings with multiple shifts, use the number of FTEs from all shifts. For residential projects, the number of residents is the occupancy number. Estimate the transient building occupants, such as students, visitors, and customers. Transient occupants can be reported as either a daily total or a full-time equivalent. When using daily totals for transients, match the fixture uses for each occupancy type with the values shown in Table 3 (e.g., for the daily total of students,assume 0.5 lavatory faucet uses per daily student visitor). If transients are reported as a daily full-time equivalent value, fixture uses for FTEs must be assumed regardless of the transient population's identity (e.g., for students reported as FTEs, assume 3 lavatory faucet uses per student FTE). Use a transient occupancy number that is a representative daily average over the course of a year. If occupancy is not known, see Appendix 1, Default Occupancy Counts, for requirements and guidance. If the number of transient visitors per day for retail facilities is unknown, estimate the FTE value of this population based on the default values presented in Tablet. Tablet provides default fixture usevalues fordifferent occupancytypes. These values should be used in the calculations for this credit unless special circumstanceswarrant modification. Most buildings with students, visitors, and retail customers will also have FTE occupants. Half of all students and visitors are assumed to use a water closet or urinal and a lavatory faucet in the building and are not expected to use a shower or kitchen sink. A fifth of retail customer occupants are assumed to use a water closet or urinal and lavatory faucet in the building and no shower or kitchen sink. The default for residential occupants is 5 uses per day of water closet and lavatory faucet, t shower,and 4 kitchen sink uses. For consistency across LEED projects, the calculations require the use of a balanced, 1-to-1 gender ratio unless specific project conditions warrant an alternative. For these special situations, provide a narrative description to explain the unique circumstances. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 10 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 55 EFTA00281594

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 10 Table 1. Default Values for Transient Retail Occupants Retail space FTE per 100 (sf) Large-format retailer (greater than 50.000 square feet) 0.91 Grocery store 0.87 Restaurant 1.05 Small retailer 0.67 Service 0.77 Sources: 2001 Uniform Building Code. 2004-2005 Database for Enemy Efficiency Resources (DEER) Update Study: feat investigation *AA performed b LEED Retail Core Committee Members: ASNUPSIIRADIESNA 90.1-2007; LEED Reference Guide for Green Interior Design and Construction. 2009 Edition. Table 2. Standard Fixture Uses, by Occupancy Type Ftchre type FTE StudentNisitor Retail Customer Resident Us shay Water Closet — Female 3 0.5 0.2 5 —Male 1 0.1 0.1 5 Urinal — Female 0 0 0 We — Male 2 0.4 0.1 n/a Lavatory Faucet — duration 15 sec; 12 sec with autccontrol — residential, duration 60 sec 0.5 0.2 5 Shower - duration 300 sec — residential, duration 480 sec 0.1 0 0 1 Kitchen Sink, — duration 15 sec — residential, duration 60 sec 1 Na 0 n/a 0 Na n/a 4 Design Case Water Consumption Calculations The design case annual water use is determined by totaling the annual volume of each fixture type and subtracting any nonpotable water supply. The design case must use the rated flow rates and flush volumes for installed plumbing fixtures and fittings. Obtain water consumption data should be obtained from manufacturers' published product literature. Table 3 shows examples of typical water consumption rates for different fixture and fitting technologies. If rainwater or graywater harvested on-site is used for sewage conveyance, enter the estimated quantity in the calculation. Subtract the total annual quantity of nonpotable water from the total annual design case water usage. Calculations are required to demonstrate that the reuse volumes of rainwater or graywater are sufficient to meet water closet demands. 56 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281595

Table 3. Sample Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings and Water Consumption Flush Mire Flow rate (get) Flow flatus Flow rate Conventional water closet 1.6 Conventional private lavatory 2.2 gpm High-efficiency toilet (HET). single-flush gravity 1.28 Conventional public lavatory 0.5 gpm or s 0.25 gpc HET, single-flush pressure assist 1.0 Conventional kitchen sink 2.2 gpm HET, dual flush (full-flush) 1.6 Low-flow kitchen sink 1.8 gpm HET, dual flush (low-flush) 1.1 Conventional shower 2.5 gpm HET, foam flush 0.05 Low-flow shower 1.8 gpm Nonwater toilet 0.0 Conventional urinal 1.0 High-efficiency urinal (HEU) 0.5 Nonwater urinal 0.0 Facilities in residences and apartments, private bathrooms in hotels and hospitals, and restrooms in commercial establishments where the fixtures are intended for the use of a family or an individual are considered private orprivate-use facilities.All other facilities are considered public or public use. If the classification for public or private use is unclear, default to public-use flow rates in performing the calculations associated with this credit. Baseline Case Water Consumption Calculations Thebaseline case annualwateruse is determinedbysettingthefucture and fittingwaterconsumption rates to the baseline values (as opposed to actual installed values in the design case). Eligible Fixtures This prerequisite is limited to savings generated bywater-using fixtures as shown in Table 1. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Determine the number of occupants of each type (e.g., FTEs, retail customers, visitors). ■ Retain plumbing fixture schedules and manufacturers' data showing the water consumption rates, manufacturer, and model of each fixture and fitting. ■ List plumbing fixtures by usage group, if appliable. ■ Define each usage group used. ■ Retain information about system schematics and capacity of any rainwater or graywater systems. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn an exemplary performance credit under SS Credit t, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance, by demonstrating a 40%water use reduction for the whole building. 10. Regional Variations Refer to the Regional Variations section in WE Prerequisite 1. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 10 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 57 EFTA00281596

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 10 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations To ensure continued water savings and satisfaction for owners and occupants, maintenance staff should be trained in the operations and maintenance of any specialized equipment. For example, waterless urinals generally need to be cleaned according to manufacturers' specifications and their chemical traps appropriately maintained, and 0.5-gallon and O.2-gallon flushing urinals, must also be maintained according to manufacturers' specifications. Water saving opportunities through operations and maintenance should include metering and data recording efforts. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools mxiiwww.iictr.orgfrpjaS) for additional resources and technical information. Also refer to the Resources section of WE Prerequisite 1. 13. Definitions Refer to the Definitions section of WE Prerequisite 1. 58 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281597

OPTION 2, PATH 11: ON-SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Energy production contributes significantly to air pollution in the United States, releasing such pollutants as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon dioxide—primary contributors to acid rain, smog, and climate change—that have widespread and adverse effects on humans, especially respiratory health. The overall environmental benefits of renewable energy depend on the energy source and the process by which energy is generated. For example, utilization of biomass can reduce the estimated 136 million tons of woody waste from construction, demolition, and land-clearing that is sent to landfills annually,i6 but if these wastes are not processed properly, their combustion could result in harmful air quality. Although renewably generated electricity is not entirely benign, it greatly decreases the negative environmental impacts of power generation. Renewable energy generated on-site is an excellent way for owners to reduce the environmental impacts associated with a building's energy requirements. Economic Issues Selecting space in a building that uses on-site renewable energy technologies can result in energy cost savings. Utility rebates are often available to reduce initial costs of renewable energyequipment The initial costs ofinstalling or providing renewable energyon-site can be offset bysavings on energy costs accrued over a period of time. A life-cycle cost analysis of the potential savings that could accrue over the life-cycle of the renewable energy source can help project teams in their decision- making process. In some states, first costs can also be offset by net metering, in which excess energy is sold back to the utility, and through programs that provide incentives for using renewable energy. Project teams must ascertain whether these options are available locally, particularly for the type of renewable energy they plan to use. Research on the available technologies is essential; consider climatic, geographical, and other regional factors that influence the appropriateness of an on-site renewable source for the building's energy use. 2. Related Credits Renewable energy equipment installed as a part of the tenant scope will require commissioning and measurement and verification efforts, as described in the following credits: ■ EA Prerequisite is Fundamental Commissioning of Building Energy Systems ■ EA Credit 3: Measurement and Verification 3. Summary of Referenced Standard ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA oo.ilizoo7, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers American National Standards Institute http:fiwww.ashrae.org Illuminating Engineers Society of North America On-site renewable or site-recovered energy that might be used to achieve EA Credit 2, Enhanced Commissioning, is handled as a special case in the modelingprocess. Ifeither renewable or recovered energy is produced at the site, the energy cost budget method considers it free energy and it is not included in the design energy cost. See the Calculation section for details. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 11 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 59 EFTA00281598

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 11 4. Implementation Choose a base building that is equipped with an on-site renewable energy system. Demonstrate the technology's contribution to the total energy requirements of the building (expressed as a fraction of annual energy cost). Technologies Eligible technologies within the base building include photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, wind, biomass, and biogas energy. Eligible systems produce either electric power or thermal energy for use on-site and should, where possible, deliver power to the grid when their output exceeds the site demand. Contact local utilities or electric service providers to determine whether net metering is available. Energy savings from the use of on-site renewables should be based on either the metered renewable energy produced and used on-site, or the metered renewable energy produced and used on-site or sent to the grid. Energy produced on-site that is not captured and used, whether on-site or via the grid, cannot be included in the credit calculations. For example, if a project building uses photovoltaic panels to generate electricity on-site but does note store energy when output exceeds demand or use net metering, only the portion of renewable electricity actually consumed on-site counts. Renewable energy produced on-site and then sold to the grid is not eligible. Eligible On-site Systems On-site renewable energy technologies eligible for Option t t include these: ■ Photovoltaic systems. ■ Wind energy systems. ■ Solar thermal systems. ■ Biofuel-based energy systems (see list of eligible biofuels, below). ■ Geothermal energy systems. ■ Low-impact hydroelectric power systems. ■ Wave and tidal power systems. There are some restrictions for geothermal energy systems, solar thermal energy systems, and biofuel-based electrical systems. Geothermal energy systems using deep•earth water or steam sources (but not vapor compression systems for heat transfer) may be eligible for this credit. These systems may either produce electric power or provide thermal energy for primary use at the building. Active solar thermal energy systems that employ collection panels, heat transfer mechanical components such as pumps or fans, and defined heat storage systems such as hot water tanks are eligible for this credit. Thermosiphon solar and storage tank "batch heaters" are also eligible. The following biofuels are considered renewable energy under this credit: ■ Untreated wood waste, including mill residues. ■ Agricultural crops or waste. ■ Animal waste and other organic waste. ■ Landfill gas. 60 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281599

Ineligible On-site Systems These types of on-site systems are not eligible for this credit: ■ Architectural features. ■ Passive solar strategies. ■ Daylighting strategies. ■ Geo-exchange systems (e.g.,geothermal or ground-source heat pumps). Architectural passive solar and daylighting strategies provide significant energy savings. Their contributions are reflected in project-wide energy efficiency levels and facilitate the achievement of EA Prerequisite 2 and EA Credit t. Geo-exchange systems are earth-coupled heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) applications that use vapor-compression systems for heat transfer and do not obtain significant quantities of deep-earth heat. They are not eligible as renewable energy systems. The contributions of these systems are reflected in project-wide energy efficiency levels and facilitate the achievement of EA Prerequisite 2 and EA Credit t. Energy production based on the following biofuels is not eligible for this credit: ■ Combustion of municipal solid waste. ■ Forestry biomass waste other than mill residue. ■ Wood coated with paints, plastics, or formica ■ Wood treated for preservation with materials containing halogens, chlorine compounds, halide compounds, chromated copper arsenate, or arsenic. If more than 196 of the wood fuel has been treated with these compounds, the energy system is ineligible. Retention of Renewable Energy Environmental Attributes For renewable energy coming from on-site sources, the associated environmental attributes must be retained or retired; they cannot be sold. Project teams should understand and value the positive effect of on-site renewables on the surrounding ecosystems. For on-site renewables, energy that exceeds the project building's demand may be sold at fees equivalent to the market rate of nonrenewable energy, but no premium maybe charged for the renewable nature of the energy. Such a premium indicates that these attributes have not been retained, and therefore the project team cannot take credit for that energy as renewable. To encourage the greater development of on-site renewable energy systems, the sale of renewable energy certificates (RECs) is allowed from an on-site renewable energy system that claims credit if the building owner or energy system owner, either separately or acting together, meets the following conditions: ■ RECs equal to 200% of the system's annual rated energy output each year are purchased from another source, which must be Green-e eligible. The system's rated output must reflect all system performance characteristics as well as actual local site conditions (e.g., climate, mounting location, and angles). The rationale for the 1-for-2 ratio is that many states have set renewable portfolio standards and in-state renewable energy targets that can be traded in the form of credits. These in-state RECs are typically more expensive to achieve and usually cost more (e.g., $0.05/kWh for New England wind power vs. $0.0t/lcVVh for RECs from West Texas or Dakotas wind). From an environmental and financial perspective, these are not the same for 2. reasons: SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 11 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 61 EFTA00281600

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 11 • In-state and out-of-state RECs reduce carbon dioxide emissions by the same amount, but out-of-state RECs result in fewer reductions of other emissions than in-state RECs, where the population is concentrated and where RECs are largely purchased. • Distant renewable energy generation may be stranded by limited technical and design capacities. Given that in-state RECs create more benefits than out-of-state RECs for non-COz impact but are equal in their COz impacts, in-state credits maybe replaced by out-of-state credits on a 1-for-2. basis. This allows green building projects to capture the value of RECs created by on-site renewables while reducing net COL ■ The seller of the on-site RECs must follow all established guidelines for the sale of RECs and not claim any of the environmental attributes for the on-site system. 5. Timeline and Team The project team, with the owner, architect, and engineer, should first estimate the potential energy use of the building so that renewable technologies with adequate capacitycan be identified. Systems producing on-site renewable electrical power should be designed to facilitate net metering back to the grid for periods when the renewable energy system output exceeds the site demand. Ask local utilities and electric service providers about incentive and rebate programs. The project team should make on-site renewable energy generation a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. The LEED- certified buildings database can help identify local buildings that have achieved LEED credit for on-site renewable energy, and local USGBC chapters may also have detailed information on such projects. 6. Calculations Determining On-site Renewable Quantity The quantity of energy generated on-site by renewable systems may be predicted using a bin type calculation or determined through submetering. Projects that use a bin calculation are required to account for the contribution of variables associated with the renewable source. For example, a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) design would include the effects of sunny, partly cloudy, and overcast conditions, the orientation and altitude of the array, and system losses. Tablet shows the factors that affect calculation of the energy generated by a BIPV array. Once the amount of energy generated by the renewable system is calculated, an energy cost must be computed to establish the LEED level of achievement. The renewable energy cost is calculated by multiplying the renewable energy contribution by either the local utility rate or the Energy Information Administration (EM) zoos average energy cost for the renewable fuel type. Multiply the quantity of on-site energy produced by the applicable energy rate for this fuel type. Determining Whole Building Energy Consumption The fraction of energy cost supplied by the renewable energy features is calculated against existing utility data (for buildings in operation at least 1z months), energy costs calculated by the U.S. Department of Energy (EM zoos Commercial Sector Average Energy Costs by State) in conjunction with the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) database of annual electricity and natural gas usage per square foot, or total energy costs as calculated by a whole building simulation. Calculations based on existing utility data Existing buildings with a utility history may use recent annual utility bills as a basis for the 62 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 LDiTP EFTA00281601

calculating renewable energy contribution. Divide renewable energy cost (renewable energy generated multiplied by utility rate) for a to-month period by the to-month total utility costs for the building. Calculations based on CBECS data Use the Department of Energy's Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey database to determine the estimated electricity use. This database provides electricity intensity factors (kWh/of/yr) for various building types in the United States. To determine the building's annual energy cost, multiply total energy consumption by the average cost for electricity and natural gas (from EM commercial sector rates for the state). Dividing the renewable energy cost by the building annual energy cost yields the percentage renewable energy. Calculations based on energy simulation Projects that complete a whole building simulation in accordance with Option B of EA Credit 1.3, Optimize Energy Performance—HVAC, may use the simulated total building energy consumption as a basis for calculating the renewable energy contribution. Table 1. BIPV Renewable Energy Calculation BIPV System Design Number of stories 5 Length of south facade 525 (If) Depth of awning .2 00 Gross area of awning 5,250 Cs° Shading effects 85% Net area of awning 4.463 (sf) PV capacity 5.5 (wiz!) Awning peak capacity 25 (kW) Average daily output 4.03 (kWh)/100 (s0 Average annual output 65,641 (IA) 80 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Determine energy use for the project, demonstrate the portion of that supplied by on-site renewable energy systems, and identify a back-up energy source. ■ Prepare documentation from the project owner verifying the performance of on-site renewable systems, confirming system capacity, and confirming that renewable energy is not double-counted. 8. Examples There are no examples for this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects may earn an exemplary performance credit under SS Credit 1, Path 12, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance, by demonstrating that on-site renewable energy accounts for to% or more of the annual building energy cost. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 11 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 63 EFTA00281602

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 11 10. Regional Variations The availability and appropriateness ofa renewable energytechnologyfor abuildingvaries by region. Factors like climate, geography, and location can greatly affect a building's choice of the renewable source. For maximum energy savings, project teams should look for buildings that drawfrom on-site renewable energy sources most efficient for their region, such as solar energy in the southwestern United States, biomass in regions with agricultural land, or wind power in coastal regions. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations There are no operations and maintenance considerations for this credit. 12. Resources Please see the USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (httpliwww.usgbc.oreprojecttools) for additional resources and technical information. Websites American Wind Energy Association httpWwww.awea.org AWEA is a national trade association representing wind power plant developers, wind turbine manufacturers,utilitycompanies,consultants, insurers,financiers,researchers,andothersinvolved in the wind industry. ENERGY Guide This website includes information on different power types, including green power, and general information on energy efficiency and tools for selecting power providers based on economic, environmental, and other criteria. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Center for Photovoltaics httpWwww.nrel.govhicpv This website provides clearinghouse information on all aspects of photovoltaic systems. North Carolina Solar Center, Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) http://www.dsireusa.org This database contains all available information on state financial and regulatory incentives (e.g., tax credits, grants, and special utility rates) that are designed to promote the application of renewable energy technologies. DSIRE also offers additional services such as the preparation and printing of reports that detail the incentives state-by-state. U.S. Department of Energy, EERE, Renewable Energy Maps and Data httpWwwwt.eere.energy.govimaps_data The maps and data section of DOE's EEREwebsite provides information on regional distribution of renewable energy sources and technologies in the United States. U.S. Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory httpljwww.nrel.gov NREL is a leader in the U.S. Department of Energy's effort to ensure that the nation's energy future is environmentally and economically sustainable. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy http://wwweere.energy.gov The EERE website includes information on all types of renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency. 64 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281603

U.S. EPA, Green Power Partnership http:(/www.epa EPA's Green Power Partnership provides assistance and recognition to organizations that demonstrate environmental leadership by choosing green power. It includes a buyers guide with listings of green power providers by state. Print Media Wind and Solar Power Systems, by Mukund Patel (CRC Press 1999). Wind Energy Comes of Age, by Paul Gipe (John Wiley &Sons 1995). 13. Definitions Biofuel-based energy systems are electrical power systems that nut on renewable fuels derived from organic materials, such as wood by-products and agricultural waste. In LEED, biofuels include untreated wood waste (e.g., mill residues), agricultural crops or waste, animal waste and other organic waste, and landfill gas. Biomass is plant material from trees, grasses, and crops that can be converted to heat energy to produce electricity. The environmental attributes ofgreen power include the emissions reductionbenefits that result from the substitution of renewable energy sources for conventional power sources. Geothermal energy is electricitygenerated by hamessinghot water or steam from within the earth. Geothermal heating systems use pipes to transfer underground heat for heating, cooling, and hot water. These systems retrieve heat from the earth during cool months and return heat in summer months. Photovoltaic (or solar) energy is produced by photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight energy into electricity. Hydro energy is electricity produced from the downhill flow of water from rivers or lakes. Net metering is a metering and billing arrangement that allows on-site generators to send excess electricity flows to the regional power grid. These electricity flows offset a portion of those drawn from the grid. For more information on net metering in individual states, visit the DOE's Green Power Network website at http://www.eere.energy.govigreenpowerInetmetering. On-site renewable energy is derived from renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, low-impact hydro, biomass, and biogas, and is integrated into the building energy use and present within the project site perimeter. Renewable energy comes from sources that are not depleted when used. This includes energy from the sun, wind, and small (low-impact) hydropower. Renewable energy certificates (RECs) are tradable environmental commodities representing proof that a unit of electricity was generated from a renewable energy resource. RECs are sold separately from the electricity itself and thus allow the purchase of green power by a user of conventionally generated electricity. Solar thermal systems collect or absorb sunlight via solar collectors and heat water that is then circulated to the building's hot water tank. The hot water can be used to warm swimming pools or provide domestic hot water for residential and commercial use. Wave and tidal power systems capture energy from waves and the diurnal flux of tidal power, respectively. The captured energy is commonlyused for desalination,water pumping,and electricity generation. Wind energy is electricity generated by wind turbines. SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 11 209 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 65 EFTA00281604

SS CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 12 OPTION 2, PATH 12: OTHER QUANTIFIABLE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE An "other quantifiable environmental performance" characteristic is any green feature that was implemented according to (t) the requirements of another LEED rating system credit or (2) the exemplary performance criteria of any of the above paths in this credit. A green feature selected from another LEED rating system must be different from those addressed under the LEED for Commercial Interiors Rating System. 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Path inewards propertiesthatemploythe highest andbestgreenbuildingstrategies—innovations that go beyond those covered in this credit. Path 12 thus accommodates credits from other LEED rating systems not specifically itemized in Paths 1 through it. For example, the exemplary performance criteria under SS Credit 5.1, Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat, in LEED for New Construction awards t innovation point for restoring or protecting a minimum of 75% of the site area (excluding the building footprint) with native or adapted vegetation on previously developed or graded sites. Projects that implement such a program at a LEED-certified building site may apply for this option. Path 12 may also be used when the selected building meets the exemplary performance criteria specified for a requirement of SS Credit 1, Paths 1 through 11; project teams should refer to the information under Exemplary Performance in Paths 1 through t t to determine the performance level needed to achieve an additional point. 2. Related Credits Refer to the Related Credits section in the credit from the other rating system or under Paths t through 11. 3. Summary of Referenced Standards Refer to the standards referenced for the credit from the other rating system or under Paths 1 through 11. 4. Implementation Choose a base building that has achieved an environmental performance characteristic for at least t credit found in another LEED rating system. Innovation in Design credits that are not addressed by existing credits in other LEED rating systems will also be considered. A team can earn 1 point for each credit that offers an additional point, as appropriate, for exemplary performance. Submit a credit information request to confirm the credit selection unless a precedent has been set byanother project certified under LEED for Commercial Interiors. A second way to earn this credit is to achieve exemplary performance for eligible credits in SS Credit 1, Option 2, Paths 1 through is. A maximum oft additional point can be awarded if the specified threshold is achieved. 5. Timeline and Team Refer to the Timeline and Team information under the selected credit. 6. Calculations Refer to the Calculations section under the selected credit. 66 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281605

7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. ■ Prepare a brief narrative, calculations, or other information that demonstrates the nature of the other environmental benefits delivered. Refer to the Documentation Guidance section under the selected credit. 8. Examples Refer to the Examples section under the selected credit. 9. Exemplary Performance Projects earning SS Credit 1, Path ii, Other Quantifiable Environmental Performance, through exemplary performance of any of the SS Credit 1 compliance paths are not eligible for additional exemplaryperformance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations Refer to the Regional Variations section under the selected credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Refer to the Operations and Maintenance section under the selected credit. 12. Resources Please see the USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. 13. Definitions There are no definitions associated with this credit. S S CI Credit 1 OPTION 2: PATH 12 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 67 EFTA00281606

68 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281607

DEVELOPMENT DENSITY AND COMMUNITY CONNECTIVITY Credit SS Credit 2 Points 6 points Intent To channel development to urban areas with existing infrastructure, protect greenfields and preserve habitat and natural resources. Requirements OPTION 1. Development Density Select space in a building that is located in an established, walkable community with a minimum density of 6o,000 square feet per acre net. The density calculation is based on a typical two-story downtown development and must include the area of the project being built. OR OPTION 2. Community Connectivity Select space in a building on a site that meets the following criteria: • Is located within itz-mile of a residential area or neighborhood with an average density of to units per acre net • Is within t/z-mile of at least 10 basic services • Has pedestrian access between the building and the services. For mixed-use projects„ no more than t service within the project boundary maybe counted as t of the to basic services, provided it is open to the public. No more than z of the to services required may be anticipated (i.e. at least A must be existing and operational). In addition, the anticipated services must be documented appropriately to demonstrate that they will be operational in the locations indicated within t year of occupation of the applicant project. Examples of basic services include the following: • Bank • Place of Worship • Convenience Grocery • DayCare Center • Cleaners • Fire Station • Beauty Salon • Hardware • Laundry • Library • Medical or Dental Office • Senior Care Facility • Park • Pharmacy • Post Office • Restaurant • School • Supermarket • Theater • Community Center • Fitness Center • Museum Proximity is determined by drawing a itz-mile radius around a main building entrance on a site map and counting the services within that radius. Greenfield developments and projects that do not use existing infrastructure are not eligible. SS CREDIT 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 69 EFTA00281608

CI Credit 2 1. Benefits and Issues to Consider Environmental Issues Consider proximity to transportation and community services. Selecting base buildings located within walking distance of existing or planned basic services reduce transportation impacts, such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Manycities have edsting buildings that could be rehabilitated, an approach that reducesthe demand for new materials. The potential trade-offs for sites in dense areas include limited open space and factors that may compromise indoor environmental quality, such as contaminated soils,undesirable air quality, or limited daylighting opportunities. Economic Issues Locating a Commercial Interiors project on an infill site helps control urban sprawl and uses existing infrastructure, including roads, utility services, and other amenities that benefit the local economy. If a site is close to mass transit, significant cost reductions maybe achieved by downsizing parking space for building occupants. In addition, making access to basic services walkable may improve the productivity and health of building occupants by reducing the time spent driving and increasing their levels of physical activityDboth of which translate into reduced costs for tenants. The redevelopment of urban areas helps restore, invigorate, and sustain established urban living patterns, creating a more stable and interactive community. 2. Related Credits By selecting buildings located in urban areas, tenants can increase the likelihood of providing building occupants with access to public transportation, thus assisting project teams with earning the following credit: • SS Credit 3.t: Alternative Transportation—Public Transportation Access 3. Summary of Referenced Standards There are no standards referenced for this credit. 4. Implementation The most common approach for achieving this credit is to give preference to sites within an existing urban fabric. Work with local jurisdictions to follow the urban development plan and meet or exceed density goals. When choosing sites based on infrastructure, transportation, and quality of life, explore opportunities for alliances and innovations with neighboring spaces. Look at locations with redevelopment plans that will achieve the required development density by the completion of the project. Choose a building in an area where community revitalization is already underway and the required development density will be met by the time the project is completed. OPTION 1. Development Density To determine the development density, assess the density of the LEED project site, as well as the densities of surrounding developments. Determine the total area of the project site and the total square footage of the building. For projects that are part of a larger property (such as a campus), define the project area (outlined in the LEED project's scope). The project area must be defined consistently throughout LEED documentation. Calculate the densityofthe project site and the density radius usingthe equations below. Overlay the density radius on a site map that includes the project site and surrounding areas, originating from the center of the LEED project site. This is the density boundary. For each property within the density boundary (including the LEED project site and any properties that intersect the 70 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281609

density boundary), create a table with the building square footage and site area of each property. Include all properties except for undeveloped public areas, such as parks and water bodies. Do not include public roads and right-of-way areas. Information on neighboring properties can be obtained from your city or county zoning department. OPTION 2. Community Connectivity Consider both residential and commercial neighbors when determining the community connectivity of a project. Prepare a site map (Figure 0 and draw a tfz-mile radius around the main building entrance. Radii maybe drawn around multiple entrances for projects with multiple buildings or more than 1 main entrance. The combination of the area in these radii would then be considered the project radius. Figure 1.Sample Map for Community Connectivity mv 8 me,cane 14airci eat laWc Clia.f., °nate:Ian Sd Cravat Mace el Wail* P. Gal Paschool. Choy Coe Fordo 1.1630x INK*? ma Hacivao.naavas $C a , Da mecica Cfric.Meead O O O 8 lo.rcles OokiWadol)(6.1)•aol Saio, Pat Pak O AtioteiL PhamogY Pwo Cane. Iteavaant ID Sanclo,a flancolay. SSW ID Lonna° Crocay kpanaael :: Ref.:bold Mas pe, Afloat ma* Mark all residential developments within the radius. For the project to earn this credit, a residential area with a minimum density of to units per acre must be present within the radius. Mark all commercial buildings within the radius. At least to basic services must be present within the radius for the project to earn this credit. Services other than those listed in the credit requirements will be considered on a project-by-project basis. Listeach ofthe identified services,the business name. and the servicetypeto confirmcompliance. Tablet illustrates an example. SS CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 71 EFTA00281610

SS CI Credit 2 Table 1. Sample Community Connectivity Tabulation Service Identification (Corresponds to uploaded Vicinity Ran) Business Name Seneca lype 1 Restaurant 1 Restaurant 2 Grocery 1 Convenience Grocery 3 Urgent Care 1 Medical 4 Pharmacy 1 Pharmacy 5 Gym 1 Fitness 6 Hair Care 1 Beauty 7 Bank 1 Bank 8 Restaurant 2 Restaurant 9 Cleaners 1 Cleaners 10 Post Office 1 Pest Office With the exception of restaurants, no service may be counted more than once in the calculation. Up to a restaurants maybe counted toward achievement of this credit. Count only those services for that can be accessed by pedestrians from the project; that is, pedestrians must be able to walk to the services without being blocked bywalls, highways, or other barriers. The project building itself cannot be considered t of the to basic services; however, in a mixed- use building, a maximum oft service within the building may be counted as s of the to. A service in a mixed-use project must be open to the public. Up to 2 services that are anticipated to be built in the near future can count toward this credit; at least 8 services must be existing and operational. Any anticipated services must be documented by lease agreements or other appropriate documentation (e.g., a letter from the owner or other appropriate party) to demonstrate that theywill be operational in the locations indicated within a year of occupation of the project building. 5. Timeline and Team The project team should make development density or community connectivity a criterion for site selection. Real estate brokers and leasing agents can help identify buildings that comply. 6. Calculations OPTION 1. Development Density To determine the development density ofa project, both the project densityand the densities of surrounding developments must be considered. The calculations detailed below refer to the base building in which the LEED for Commercial Interiors project is located, the base building site area, and the buildings surrounding the base building. The density calculation process is described in the following steps: STEP 1 Determine the total area of the project site and the total square footage of the building. For projects that are part of a larger property (such as a campus), define the project area as the area that is defined in the project's scope. The project area must be defined consistently throughout LEED documentation. 72 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281611

STEP 2 Calculate the development density for the project by dividing the total square footage of the building by the total site area in acres. This development density must be 60,00o square feet or more per acre (Equation 1). Equation 1 (s0 Building Square Footage (s1) Development Density (acre) Site Area (acres) STEP 3 Convert the total site area from acres to square feet and calculate the square root of this number. Then multiply the square root by 3 to determine the appropriate density radius (Equation a). The square root function is used to normalize the calculation by removing effects of site shape. Equation 2 Density Radius III) = 3 X I {Site Area (acres) X 43,560 (sf/acre) STEP 4 Calculate the average property density within the density boundary by adding up the square footage values and site areas of each property and dividing the total square footage by the total site area. The average property density of the properties within the density boundary must be 60,000 square feet or more per acre. If this requirement is met, LEED for New Construction and LEED for Core & Shell projects earn 5 points under this credit LEED for Schools projects earn 4 points. Equation 3 Average Property Density within Density Boundary E Square Footage E Site Area OPTION 2. Community Connectivity There are no calculations required for this option. 7. Documentation Guidance As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measures. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation. • For development density, develop a project site vicinity plan that includes the development density radius. • For community connectivity, develop a project site vicinity plan that indicates the half-mile radius and the locations of qualifying services and residential areas; list the services and identify tliem by type. SS CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 73 EFTA00281612

SS CI Credit 2 8. Examples Development Density A 30,000-square-foot office building is located on a 0.44-acre urban site. The building density, calculated by dividing the square footage of the building space by the site area in acres, is 68,t82 square feet per acre (Table 2). the density thus exceeds the 60,000 square feetminimum required by the credit. Table 2. Building Density Calculations Project Buildings Building Space fat Site Area (acres) Project 30000 0.44 Density (sf/acre) a 68.182 Next, the density radius is calculated to be 415 feet using the following equation. Equation 2 Density Radius (In= 3 X i [0.44 (acres) X 43.560 (silence) = 415 PO The density radius of 415 feet is applied to an area plan of the project site and surrounding area. The plan identifies all properties that are within or are intersected by the density radius. The plan includes a scale and a north indicator (Figure 2). Figure 1. An illustration of a Sample Area Plan M " __IT II `frig scale: north rn L! ew ed Pal dino Consulting LI.C. 74 LLLU /i LI LHLNLL UUIUL I UH (.11(LLN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281613

For each property located within the density radius, list the building space and site area (Table 3). These values are summed and the average density is calculated by dividing the total building square footage by the total site area. Table 3. Sample Area Properties Properties within Density Radius Building Space (se Site Area (acres) Properties within Density Radius Building Space (sf) Site Area (acres) Project Site 30.000 0.44 M 24.080 0.64 A 33,425 0.39 N 28,740 0.3 B 87,500 1.58 0 6,690 0.15 C 6,350 0.26 P 39,000 0.39 D 27,560 0.32 0 348,820 2.54 E 66,440 1.17 R 91,250 1.85 F 14,420 1.36 S 22,425 0.27 G 12,560 0.2 T 33,650 0.51 H 6,240 0.14 U 42,400 0.52 I 14,330 0.22 V - 0.76 i 29,570 0.41 W 19,200 0.64 K 17,890 0.31 X 6,125 0.26 L 9,700 0.31 Total Building Space (sf) 1,018,36 Total Site Area (acres) 5 15.94 Average Density (sfiacre) 63,887 For this example, the average building density of the surrounding area is greater than 60,000 square feet per acre, so the example qualifies for 6 points under this credit. 9. Exemplary Performance This credit is not eligible for exemplary performance under the Innovation in Design section. 10. Regional Variations There are no regional variations associated with this credit. 11. Operations and Maintenance Considerations Densely developed communities may have air quality, making it difficult forbuilding occupants and operators to address health and comfort issues. Consider optimizing the mechanical systems for air quality protection by using superior filtration media and selecting materials that do not contribute to indoor air quality issues. Encourage building operators to actively manage for high indoor air quality through the use of the EPA's Indoor Air Quality Building Education and Assessment Model (I-BEAM) or other strategies. 12. Resources Please see USGBC's LEED Registered Project Tools (http:/Avww.usgbc.org(projecttools) for additional resources and technical information. SS CI Credit 2 2009 EDITION LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 75 EFTA00281614

SS CI Credit 2 Websites Congress for New Urbanism http:(/www.cnu.org The Congress for the New Urbanism promotes pedestrian-friendly, neighborhood-based development as an alternative to sprawl. Urban Land Institute ULI Washington http://washington.uli.org The Urban Land Institute is a nonprofit organization based in Washington,.., that promotes the responsible use of land to enhance the total environment. The International Union for the Scientific Study of Population http://www.iussp.org IUSSP promotes scientific studies of demography and population-related issues. Print Media ChangingPlaces: RebuildingCommunity in the Age ofSprawl,by Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie (Henry Holt & Company,1999). Density by Design: New Directions in Residential Development, by Steven Fader (Urban Land Institute, 2000). Green Development Integrating Ecology, and Real Estate, by Alex Wilson, et al. (John Wiley & Sons, 1998). Once There Were Greenfields: How Urban Sprawl Is Undennining Americais Envinnnzent, Economy, and Social Fabric, by F. Kaid Benfield, et al. (Natural Resources Defense Council,1999). Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream, by Andres Duany, et al. North Point Press, 2000). 13. Definitions Building density is the floor area of the building divided by the total area of the site (square feet per acre). Building footprint is the area on a project site used by the building structure, defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscapes, and other nonbuilding facilities are not included in the building footprint. Greenfields are sites not previously developed or graded that could support open space, habitat, or agriculture. A mixed-use project involves a combination of residential and commercial or retail components. Neighborhood is synonymous with residential area. Pedestrian access allows people to walk to services without being blocked by walls, freeways, or other barriers. Previously developed sites once had buildings, roadways, parking lots, or were graded orotherwise altered by direct human activities. Propertyarea is the total areawithin the legal property boundaries of a site; it encompasses all areas of the site, including constructed and nonconstructed areas. Public transportation consists of bus, rail, or other transit services for the general public that operate on a regular, continual basis. 76 LEED REFERENCE GUIDE FOR GREEN INTERIOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2009 EDITION EFTA00281615