Epstein Secrets

l to the percentage of their genes that others carry. This insight was further developed by the concept of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving...at the cost of

f parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the pare

PI, Yost J, Regalado J, Jaramillo L, Sparks C, Iromenga M, Long K. Life histories, blood revenge, and reproductive success among the Waorani of Ecuador. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:8134- 9. 11. Cacioppo JT, Amaral DG, Blanchard B, Cameron JL, Sue Carter C, Crews D, Fiske S, Heatherton T, Jo

of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as “any investment by the paren

p. 101. "William Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, IT” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964), pp. 17-52. "Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers, “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection,” B. Campbell (ed.), Sexual HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_021284 Selection and the Descent of Man (Chicago: Aldine Pub

ckson PI, Yost J, Regalado J, Jaramillo L, Sparks C, Iromenga M, Long K. Life histories, blood revenge, and reproductive success among the Waorani of Ecuador. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:8134- 9. Cacioppo JT, Amaral DG, Blanchard JJ, Cameron JL, Sue Carter C, Crews D, Fiske S, Heatherton T, Johnson

0), 718-723; Sigmund, K., Hauert, C., & Nowak, M. (2001). Reward and punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 989), 10757- 10762; Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57. Quotes Watts, D. P., Muller, M., Amsler, S. J., Mbabazi

so. These ideas started with Charles Darwin. One hundred years later, they were developed in exquisite detail by the American evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. Combined, they provide an explanation for why, in most species including our own, males compete with each other for access to females — the most val

, Yost, J., Regalado, J., Jaramillo, L., Sparks, C., Iromenga, M.(2009). Life histories, blood revenge, and reproductive success among the Waorani of Ecuador. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(20), 8134-8139; Durrant, R. (2011). Collective violence: An evolutionary perspective. Aggressio