Epstein Secrets

of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as “any investment by the paren

p. 101. "William Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, IT” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964), pp. 17-52. "Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers, “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection,” B. Campbell (ed.), Sexual HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_021284 Selection and the Descent of Man (Chicago: Aldine Pub

Science, 19, 114-120. 11. Morewedge, C.K., Preston, J., & Wegner, D.M. (2007). Timescale bias in the attribution of mind. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1-11. 12. Haslam, N., & Bain, P. (2007). Humanizing the self: Moderators of the attribution of lesser humanness to others. Personality and Soci

0), 718-723; Sigmund, K., Hauert, C., & Nowak, M. (2001). Reward and punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 989), 10757- 10762; Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57. Quotes Watts, D. P., Muller, M., Amsler, S. J., Mbabazi

so. These ideas started with Charles Darwin. One hundred years later, they were developed in exquisite detail by the American evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. Combined, they provide an explanation for why, in most species including our own, males compete with each other for access to females — the most val

obiology, 113, 171-195; Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). The paradoxical consequences of revenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95 (6), 1316-1324; de Quervain, D.J-F., Fischbacher, U, Treyer, V., Schellhammer, M., Schnyder, U., Buck, A., & Fehr, E. (2004). The neural basis of

lves are also the ones most likely to lash out with extreme violence when someone threatens the reality of their stature. The evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers was the first to identify the adaptive significance of self-deception and its connection to deception. As he insightfully notes in his book The Folly

s of victory in war — or any competitive arena. Though this is a costly strategy, there are clear evolutionary benefits under conditions explained by Trivers and Johnson. Self-deception is favored when opponents have imperfect information about their strengths and weaknesses, and where the payoffs are high

M.J, & Jackson, M.C. (2008). Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 292-306; Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10(3), 252-264; Haslam, N, Kashim