Epstein Secrets

l to the percentage of their genes that others carry. This insight was further developed by the concept of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving...at the cost of

f parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the pare

e I 91 1. Cheng, Y., Lin, C., Liu, H.L., Hsu, Y., Lim, K., Hung, D., & Decety, J. (2007). Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others. Current Biology, 17, 1708-1713. 2. De Waal, F. (2009). The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York: Harmony Books. 3. De Waal, F. B.

of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as “any investment by the paren

p. 101. "William Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, IT” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964), pp. 17-52. "Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers, “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection,” B. Campbell (ed.), Sexual HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_021284 Selection and the Descent of Man (Chicago: Aldine Pub

ERSIGHT_021336 Cheng, Y., Lin, C., Liu, H.L., Hsu, Y., Lim, K., Hung, D., & Decety, J. (2007). Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others. Current Biology, 17, 1708-1713. De Waal, F. (2009). The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York: Harmony Books. De Waal, F. B. M. (2009). D

0), 718-723; Sigmund, K., Hauert, C., & Nowak, M. (2001). Reward and punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 989), 10757- 10762; Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57. Quotes Watts, D. P., Muller, M., Amsler, S. J., Mbabazi

so. These ideas started with Charles Darwin. One hundred years later, they were developed in exquisite detail by the American evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. Combined, they provide an explanation for why, in most species including our own, males compete with each other for access to females — the most val

ika, A., Wrangham, R. W., & Trut, L. N. (2005). Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication. Current Biology, 15(3), 226-230; Udell, M., Dorey, N., & Wynne, C. (2009). What did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs' sensitivity to human actions Bio

lves are also the ones most likely to lash out with extreme violence when someone threatens the reality of their stature. The evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers was the first to identify the adaptive significance of self-deception and its connection to deception. As he insightfully notes in his book The Folly

s of victory in war — or any competitive arena. Though this is a costly strategy, there are clear evolutionary benefits under conditions explained by Trivers and Johnson. Self-deception is favored when opponents have imperfect information about their strengths and weaknesses, and where the payoffs are high

of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 184-189; Chiao, JY, & Mathur, V.A. (2010). Intergroup Empathy: How Does Race Affect Empathic Neural Responses? Current Biology, 20(11), R478- R480; Dunham, Y, Baron, A, & Banaji, M. (2008). The development of implicit intergroup cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(7),