Epstein Secrets

l to the percentage of their genes that others carry. This insight was further developed by the concept of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving...at the cost of

f parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the pare

. I.E.O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975). "Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976). "John Cacioppo, "Loneliness: Conceptualization," (In press), pp. 4-5. p. 5. I8John Cacioppo and J. T. Brandon, "Religious Involvement a

of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as “any investment by the paren

p. 101. "William Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, IT” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964), pp. 17-52. "Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers, “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection,” B. Campbell (ed.), Sexual HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_021284 Selection and the Descent of Man (Chicago: Aldine Pub

. 139. 'E.O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975). Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976). ‘John Cacioppo, “Loneliness: Conceptualization,” (In press), pp. 4-5. "Tbid., p. 5. '8John Cacioppo and J. T. Brandon, “Religious Involvem

0), 718-723; Sigmund, K., Hauert, C., & Nowak, M. (2001). Reward and punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 989), 10757- 10762; Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57. Quotes Watts, D. P., Muller, M., Amsler, S. J., Mbabazi

so. These ideas started with Charles Darwin. One hundred years later, they were developed in exquisite detail by the American evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. Combined, they provide an explanation for why, in most species including our own, males compete with each other for access to females — the most val

The Science of Evil. New York, Basic Books. Oakley, B. (2007). Mean Genes. New York, Prometheus Books. Staub, E. (2010). Overcoming Evil. New York, Oxford University Press. Stone, M. H. (2009). The Anatomy of Evil. New York, Prometheus Books. Zimbardo, P. (2007). The Lucifer Effect. New York, Random House. Notes: *

lves are also the ones most likely to lash out with extreme violence when someone threatens the reality of their stature. The evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers was the first to identify the adaptive significance of self-deception and its connection to deception. As he insightfully notes in his book The Folly

s of victory in war — or any competitive arena. Though this is a costly strategy, there are clear evolutionary benefits under conditions explained by Trivers and Johnson. Self-deception is favored when opponents have imperfect information about their strengths and weaknesses, and where the payoffs are high

P.R. (Eds.). (2011). The Social Psychology of Morality. Washington: American Psychological Association. Staub, E. (2010). Overcoming Evil. New York: Oxford University Press. Trivers, R. (2011). The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life. New York: Viking Press. Notes: * Delusions, confabu

factorily answered the possibility of a conspiracy cannot be ruled out. Sr. EPILOGUE Sliding Doors [TK] Acknowledgments I am deeply indebted to Robert Silvers, the editor of the New York Review of Books, for his invaluable assistance, probing questions, and support. {TK] About The Author Edward Jay Epste

spiracies not only exist but are a staple in the prosecution of federal crimes in the United States. For example, the Center On Law And Security at Fordham University, which tracks all federal terrorism cases, found that between 2001 and 2011, 92 percent of all federal indictment for them contained a conspiracy ch

y intensity. B. Math. Biol. 70, 1410-1424. [158] Trivers, R.L., 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism

Binmore, K., 1994. Game Theory and the Social Contract. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. [10] Binniore, K. 2007. Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory. Oxford University Press. [11] Boerlijst, M.C., Hogeweg, P., 1991. Spiral wave structures in pre-biotic evolution: hypercycles stable against parasites. Physica D 48, 17-28

ly applied in biological contexts to explain phenomena such as animal sex ratios (Fisher, 1958), territoriality (Smith & Price, 1973), coop- eration (Trivers, 1971), sexual displays (Zahavi, 1975), and parent—offspring con- flict (Trivers, 1974). More recently, evolutionary dynamic models have been applied

peckled wood butterfly (pararge aegeria): The resident always wins. Animal Behaviour, 26, 138-147. Dawkins, R. (2006). The selfish gene. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. DellaVigna, S., List, J. A., & Malmendier, U. (2012). Testing for altruism and social pressure in charitable giving. The Quarterly Journal of Econo

-- References 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 R. L. Trivers, Quarterly review of biology pp. 35-57 (1971). J.

Biology 239, 435 (2006). K. Sigmund, The calculus of selfishness (Princeton University Press, 2010). M. J. Osborne, An introduction to game theory (Oxford University Press, USA, 2003). P. D. Taylor, L. B. Jonker, Mathematical biosciences 40, 145 (1978). 14 HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_026534 --- PAGE BREAK --- [17] J. W. Weibul