Epstein Secrets

l to the percentage of their genes that others carry. This insight was further developed by the concept of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving...at the cost of

f parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as "any investment by the pare

. 22Aristotic, Politics, Richard McKeon (ed.) The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York: Random House, 1941), I, i. "Plato, The Republic (New York: Basic Books, 1968), Bk. 5, pp. 461- 465. 24Aristotle, Politics, Bk. 2, chpt. 3. "Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, 3, ii, p. 115. 28Immanuel Kant, Foundations

of parental investment. Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers (1972) defined it as “any investment by the paren

p. 101. "William Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, IT” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964), pp. 17-52. "Ronald Fisher and Robert Trivers, “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection,” B. Campbell (ed.), Sexual HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_021284 Selection and the Descent of Man (Chicago: Aldine Pub

115. ” Aristotle, Politics, Richard McKeon (ed.) The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York: Random House, 1941), I, i. Plato, The Republic (New York: Basic Books, 1968), Bk. 5, pp. 461- 465. ** Aristotle, Politics, Bk. 2, chpt. 3. °° Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, 3, i1, p. 115. Page |39 **Tmmanuel Kant,

0), 718-723; Sigmund, K., Hauert, C., & Nowak, M. (2001). Reward and punishment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 989), 10757- 10762; Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57. Quotes Watts, D. P., Muller, M., Amsler, S. J., Mbabazi

so. These ideas started with Charles Darwin. One hundred years later, they were developed in exquisite detail by the American evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers. Combined, they provide an explanation for why, in most species including our own, males compete with each other for access to females — the most val

s. Baumeister, R. F. (1999). Evil. Inside human violence and cruelty. New York, W.H. Freeman. Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). The Science of Evil. New York, Basic Books. Oakley, B. (2007). Mean Genes. New York, Prometheus Books. Staub, E. (2010). Overcoming Evil. New York, Oxford University Press. Stone, M. H. (20

ly applied in biological contexts to explain phenomena such as animal sex ratios (Fisher, 1958), territoriality (Smith & Price, 1973), coop- eration (Trivers, 1971), sexual displays (Zahavi, 1975), and parent—offspring con- flict (Trivers, 1974). More recently, evolutionary dynamic models have been applied

pathy, and charitable giving. Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research. Axelrod, R. M. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books. Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. Ayres, I, Raseman, S., & Shih, A. (2012). Evid