Epstein Secrets

have the advantage." Claude Shannon [Tribus & Mclrvine 1971]. I find the last quote very reassuring. In my own opinion, though less well known than Einstein, Von Neumann ranked close to Einstein in terms of genius. Like Einstein, he didn't merely bring in a single profound new idea; but seemed to change

st is in that of finance. The earliest work on random walks was that done by the mathematician Bachelier on stock prices. Bachelier's work predates Einstein's own random walk model of Brownian motion. For half a century Bachelier's work was largely forgotten. The use of random walks in finance was rekin

deed, one would be hard pressed to find an experimental refutation of any orthodox neoclassical proposition in the last four decades, so appeals to Popper were more ceremonial than substantial. Of course, sometimes the natural sciences encountered something commensurable to a crisis in their own field

day” (as the title of a book by civil libertarian Harvey Silverglate puts it) and is in jeopardy of impris

is a science historian, Joseph Pellegrino University Professor and co- founder of the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, and the author of Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré ’s Maps: Empires of Time. Neil Gershenfeld is a physicist and director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms. He is the author of

in artificial general intelligence (AGI). Here I'll reserve the term “thinking” for processes that can create understanding (explanatory knowledge). Popper’s argument implies that all thinking entities—human or not, biological or artificial—must create such knowledge in fundamentally the same way. Hence

is a science historian, Joseph Pellegrino University Professor and co- founder of the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, and the author of Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré ’s Maps: Empires of Time. Neil Gershenfeld is a physicist and director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms. He is the author of

day” (as the title of a book by civil libertarian Harvey Silverglate puts it) and is in jeopardy of impris

in artificial general intelligence (AGI). Here I'll reserve the term “thinking” for processes that can create understanding (explanatory knowledge). Popper’s argument implies that all thinking entities—human or not, biological or artificial—must create such knowledge in fundamentally the same way. Hence

words alone. One less something nearer zero, whether that something (the thrift index) is positive or negative, is nearer one. The wonderful books of Einstein (with Enfeld) and Steven Hawking, not to mention Mill, show that even calculus can be put that way. My task has been to follow their tough act. But I

r philosopher, Karl Popper, found fault with this idea a century later. Popper was one of those | mentioned who disapprove of truisms. | haven’t read Popper, but gather that he thought it improper to define fitness as potential survival, and then measure it as survival. That objection is close to being un