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city. However, while a few contractors (including GM Hughes, Grumman, and McDonnell Douglas) have div
figures 1.1.1-3 above. This data suggests that a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution also provides a very good
rprising, as it is known that the log- normal and the Maxwell-Boltzmann have exponential tails, and so are not
clear that the models were modelling the economics of the classical economists; the economics of Smith, Ricardo, Marx, von Neumann (unmodified) and Sraffa. With hindsight this turned out to be a consequence of the second of the two original models I had proposed in 2006. In this model wealth is implic
ssipative structure approach, presumably there is a negentropy flow associated with 'maintaining' the dissipative structure in its low entropy form; Maxwell's demon is continually at work narrowing the spread of the distribution. However if this negentropy flow is smaller than the entropy flow through t
distribution [Levy & Solomon 1996]. In contrast the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of a normal thermodynamic
The physiocrats were also correct in their belief that land can provide value, in its role in capturing the sun's rays. Where Smith, Marx, Ricardo, Sraffa etc were correct was in their belief that value is an inherent quantity, embodied in the goods and services in the economy. However, as was found a
ply balances to equal the above demand, where supply costs of commodities are calculated by aggregating costs of inputs on a cost plus basis, as per Sraffa, (un-reconstituted) von Neumann, market-microstructure and post-Keynesian analyses, but done on a dynamic equilibrium basis. At this level, price
e should fit together in this way, and in fact it wasn't until many years later that the equation was independently explained at an atomic level by Maxwell and Boltzmann. Thirdly, the equations do not refer to underlying microscopic mechanisms or variables. In equation (4.7a) there are no references to
l regularity and predictability in the aggregate. The Maxwell-Boltzmann-Gibbs methods of statistical mechanics
n economics had been systematically disproved by neoclassical economics. More reading of economics quickly proved the second assumption to be false, Sraffa was the victor of the Cambridge capital controversies. The labour theory of value is indeed nonsense. However the concept of absolute value is not
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