Epstein Secrets

losely surround the negative charge, and so at a distance the physical effects of the initial negative charge are reduced. This meant, according to Landau, that the closer you get to an elec- tron, the larger its actual charge will appear. If we measure the electron charge to be some specific value at

Strong Interactions." Sakurai took the 2P_GrealestSleryEverTold_AC.indd 192 12/16116 3:06 PIA EFTA00286114 Living inside a Superconductor 193 Yang-Mills suggestion seriously and tried to explore precisely which photonlike particles might convey a strong force between protons and neutrons and the oth

ited to try to make sense of the otherwise complex inter- actions between nucleons and other particles. In response to this notion that some kind of Yang-Mills symmetry might be behind the strong interaction, Murray Gell-Mann developed an elegant symmetry scheme he labeled in a Zen-like fashion the Eight-

lid varies with 41. We find that 14„r also changes at a level comparable to its sensitivity to Mg or Ali as the gauge pa- rameter deviates from the Landau gauge (egc = 0). It is there- fore important to consider this ambiguity for model building purposes. Nevertheless, the absolute change in lid is far

ulations typically involve spurious gauge dependence that cancels when physical ob- servable are calculated. For example, in a spontaneously broken Yang-Mills theory one may work in the renormaliz- able class of gauges (RE) upon augmenting the Lagrangian with a gauge fixing term Cil = —GaG a /2 where G a

ia varies with $4e. We find that V;,,( also changes at a level comparable to its sensitivity to Ahr or Me as the gauge pa- rameter deviates from the Landau gauge (‘ = 0). It is there- fore important to consider this ambiguity for model building purposes. Nevertheless, the absolute change in Vim is far t

ulations typically involve spurious gauge dependence that cancels when physical ob- servable arc calculated. For example, in a spontaneously broken Yang-Mills theory one may work in the renormaliz- able class of gauges (RO upon augmenting the Lagrangian with a gauge fixing term Cgi = —G°Ga/2 where = (1/