Epstein Secrets

"case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedings. In Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760 (2005), the Supreme Court held that a criminal "case" — as distinct from an investigation — "at the very least requires the initiation

"directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of [that] Federal offense. Id. at 351, citing United States v. AtL States Cast Iron Pipe Co., 612 F.Supp.2d 453, 536 (D.N.J. 2009). Again, in determining whether an individual qualified as a victim, the appellate court looked to the chargin

"case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedings. In Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760 (2005), the Supreme Court held that a criminal "case" — as distinct from an investigation — "at the very least requires the initiation

"directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of [that] Federal offense. Id. at 351, citing United States v. AtL States Cast Iron Pipe Co., 612 F.Supp.2d 453, 536 (D.N.J. 2009). Again, in determining whether an individual qualified as a victim, the appellate court looked to the chargin

rc "merely a statement of assertion or concession made for some independent purpose," and may be controverted or explained by the party who made it. Martinez I Bally's Louisiana, Inc., 244 F.3d 474, 476-77 (51° Cir. 2001), citing McNamara v. Miller, 269 F.2d 511, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1959). In contrast, a judi

"directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of [that] Federal offense. Id. at 351, citing United States' Atl. States Cast Iron Pipe Co., 612 F.Supp.2d 453, 536 (D.N.J. 2009). Again, in determining whether an individual qualified as a victim, the appellate court looked to the chargin

re "merely a statement of assertion or concession made for some independent purpose," and may be controverted or explained by the party who made it. Martinez v. Bally's Louisiana, Inc., 244 F.3d 474, 476-77 (V' Cir. 2001), citing McNamara v. Miller, 269 F.2d 511, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1959). In contrast, a judi

"directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of [that] Federal offense. Id. at 351, citing United States v. Ad. States Cast Iron Pipe Co., 612 F.Supp.2d 453, 536 (D.N.J. 2009). Again, in determining whether an individual qualified as a victim, the appellate court looked to the chargin

re "merely a statement of assertion or concession made for some independent purpose," and may be controverted or explained by the party who made it. Martinez I. Bally's Louisiana, Inc., 244 F.3d 474, 476-77 (V' Cir. 2001), citing McNamara'. Miller, 269 F.2d 511, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1959). In contrast, a judic

"directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of [that] Federal offense. Id. at 351, citing United States'. Ad. States Cast Iron Pipe Co., 612 F.Supp.2d 453, 536 (D.N.J. 2009). Again, in determining whether an individual qualified as a victim, the appellate court looked to the chargin