Epstein Secrets

"case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedings. In Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760 (2005), the Supreme Court held that a criminal "case" — as distinct from an investigation — "at the very least requires the initiation

l while actions involving the exercise of exclusively governmental or sovereign powers are not." Id. at 411. In a subsequent case, United States v. Vondereau, 837 F.2d 1540 (11t Cir. 1988), the Eleventh Circuit observed: This Court has held that for estoppel to apply against the Government (1) the tradi

"case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedings. In Chavez v. Martinez , 538 U.S. 760 (2005), the Supreme Court held that a criminal "case" — as distinct from an investigation — "at the very least requires the initiati

el while actions involving the exercise of exclusively governmental or sovereign powers are not." Id. at 411. In a subsequent case, United States v. Vondereau , 837 F.2d 1540 (11 ih Cir. 1988), the Eleventh Circuit observed: This Court has held that for estoppel to apply against the Government (1) the tr

"case" as "a question contested before a court of justice"). This general understanding is equally applicable to criminal proceedings. In Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760 (2005), the Supreme Court held that a criminal "case" — as distinct from an investigation — "at the very least requires the initiation

l while actions involving the exercise of exclusively governmental or sovereign powers are not." Id. at 411. In a subsequent case, United States v. Vondereau, 837 F.2d 1540 (11t Cir. 1988), the Eleventh Circuit observed: This Court has held that for estoppel to apply against the Government (1) the tradi

rc "merely a statement of assertion or concession made for some independent purpose," and may be controverted or explained by the party who made it. Martinez I Bally's Louisiana, Inc., 244 F.3d 474, 476-77 (51° Cir. 2001), citing McNamara v. Miller, 269 F.2d 511, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1959). In contrast, a judi

pel while actions involving the exercise of exclusively governmental or sovereign powers are not." Id. at 411. In a subsequent case, United States' Vondereau, 837 F.2d 1540 (I I th Cir. 1988), the Eleventh Circuit observed: This Court has held that for estoppel to apply against the Government (I) the tra

re "merely a statement of assertion or concession made for some independent purpose," and may be controverted or explained by the party who made it. Martinez v. Bally's Louisiana, Inc., 244 F.3d 474, 476-77 (V' Cir. 2001), citing McNamara v. Miller, 269 F.2d 511, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1959). In contrast, a judi

l while actions involving the exercise of exclusively governmental or sovereign powers are not." Id. at 411. In a subsequent case, United States v. Vondereau, 837 F.24 1540 (I I* Cir. 1988), the Eleventh Circuit observed: This Court has held that for estoppel to apply against the Government (1) the tradi