Epstein Secrets

; Diaz et al., 2004; Fili- pas & Ullman, 2001; Golding et al., 1989; Mazza, Dennerstein, & Ryan, 1996; Popiel & Susskind, 1985; Starzynski, Ullman, Filipas, & Townsend, 2005; Sturza & Campbell, 2005; Ullman, 3502-017 Page 3 of 15 EFIA_00001478 EFTA00156819 Table I. Description of Included Articles.

ders including health-care providers require train- ing focused on minimizing negative and increasing positive social reactions. Starzynski, Ullman, Filipas, and Townsend (2005) recommended that becoming aware of rape myths will help formal support providers including health-care providers move beyond

nts and Disclosure Recipients Typef Method Key Findings Helpful responses Unhelpful responses Recommendations Lasing (2005) United States Littleton (2010) United States Long. Ullman. Long. Mason. and Starzynski (2007) United States Nana a al. (1996) Australia Muganyizi et al. (2009)

0). Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: Results from a national survey. Child Abuse & Neglect. 24(2), 273 287. Starzynski, L. L, Ullman• S. E.. Filipas. H. H.. & Townsend, S. M. (2005). Correlates of women's sexual assault disclosure to informal and formal support sources. Violence and Victims, 20,

and avoidance coping. It is con- ceivable that they delay their disclosure as a result of rape-induced psychological distress (Starzynski, Ullman, Filipas, & Townsend, 2005), not necessarily the severity of the assault. Although the final model showed acceptable goodness of fit, the percentage of exp

oscience. /4(9). 649 658. Linden. J. A. (2011). Care of the adult patient after sexual assault. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(9). 834 841. Littleton. H.. & Ullman. S. E. (2013). PTSD symptomatology and hazardous drinking as risk factors for sexual assault revicti mization: Examination in Europea

olicy Research (producer). 1998. Ann Arbor. MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor). 1999. Ullman. S. E.. @ Filipas. H. H. (2001). Correlates of formal and informal support seeking in sexual assault victims. Journal ofinterpersonal Violence. 16. 1028-1047. Waller

.e.. self-label) as rape victims if they believe that physical force or weapons are essential elements of rape/sexual assault (Fisher et al.. 2003: Littleton. Axsom, Breitkopf, & Berenson. 2006). Physical force by assailants (Bachman. 1993; Du Mont. Miller, & Myhr. 2003: Russell & Bolen. 2000). presence o

in victim charac- teristics (e.g., age, income level, education level, race). and the contextual characteristics of the crimes. Starzynski. Ullman. Filipas, and Townsend (2005) emphasized that deciding whom to tell about sexual assault is an important and potentially consequential decision for sexual a

Cap Survey, a web-based. online survey tool. Online surveys have been established as an effective means of obtaining a large sample of rape victims (Littleton, 2007, 2010). Setting Data were collected via an online survey. A web-based procedure was chosen as it has several benefits. First, the use of a

and avoidance coping. It is con- ceivable that they delay their disclosure as a result of rape-induced psychological distress (Starzynski. Ullman, Filipas. & Townsend, 2005), not necessarily the severity of the assault. Although the final model showed acceptable goodness of fit, the percentage of exp

osrienct. 14(9). 649-658. Linden. J. A. (2011). Care of the adult patient alter sexual assault. New England Journal of Medicine. 365(9). 834-841. Littleton. H.. & Ullman, S. E. (2013). PTSD symptomatology and hazardous drinking as risk factors for sexual assault revicti. mization: Examination in Europe