Epstein Secrets

is improper because investigative files often contain many documents that arc inadmissible on hearsay or other grounds. See. e.g., United States v. Boyle, No. 08 CR 523 (CM), 2009 WL 484436, at •2 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2009) (McMahon, J.) (quashing subpoena for investigative file as overbroad because al

omitted). Although the Nixon Court did not decide whether this four-part test applies to subpoenas served on third-parties in particular, courts in the Second Circuit have almost unanimously applied Nixon to subpoenas served on third-parties. See, e.g., United States v. Pena, No. I5-CR- 551 (AJN), 2016 WL 8735699

discovery in the broadest terms." Bowman Dairy Co. v. United States, 341 U.S. 214, 220 (1951); see also United States v. Purin, 486 F.2d 1363, 1368 (2d Cir. 1973) ("A subpoena duces tecum in a criminal case is not intended as a means of discovery."). Unlike the rules of civil procedure— permitting the is

g motions for Rule 17(c) subpoenas and permitting ex parte applications "if the movant can articulate a reason why it should be"); United States v. Boyle, No. 08 Cr. 523 (CM), 2009 WL 484436, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2009) (requiring noticed motions for Rule 17(c) subpoenas to "assur[e] that such subp

discovery in the broadest terms." Bowman Dairy Co. v. United States, 341 U.S. 214, 220 (1951); see also United States v. Purin, 486 F.2d 1363, 1368 (2d Cir. 1973) ("A subpoena duces tecum in a criminal case is not intended as a means of discovery."). Unlike the rules of civil procedure— permitting the is

g motions for Rule 17(c) subpoenas and permitting ex parte applications "if the movant can articulate a reason why it should be"); United States v. Boyle, No. 08 Cr. 523 (CM), 2009 WL 484436, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2009) (requiring noticed motions for Rule 17(c) subpoenas to "assur[e] that such subp