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setts. The guiding spirit behind the Tor movement in the private sector was Jacob Appelbaum, a charismatic twenty-eight-year-old who had grown up in Northern California. Like Snowden, he had dropped out of high school. Appelbaum identified himself to his followers on @ the Internet as a “hacktivist” battling state s
nerable to NSA surveillance. To get to her through an encrypted channel, Snowden chose a circuitous approach. On January 11, he wrote to Micah Lee in Berkeley, California. Given Lee’s residence in the United States, as Snowden knew, the NSA would be legally barred from monitoring his communications without
Lee had been an associate of Runa Sandvik’s at TOR and was a prominent member of Noisebridge, an eclectic anti- government hackers’ commune based in Northern California, of which Appelbaum was also a member. To contact Lee, Snowden chose the alias Anon108. Anon was an alias frequently used by members of the Anonymou
e to NSA surveillance. To get to her through an encrypted channel, Snowden chose a circuitous approach. On January 11, 2013, he wrote to Micah Lee in Berkeley, California. Unlike Greenwald and Poitras, Lee HOUSE_OVERSIGHT_020231 80 resided in America. This U.S. residence meant, as Snowden knew, the NSA w
overnment policies and coordinate activities with PRC consulates in the United States.'° “Over the years, the China Peaceful Reunification Council in Northern California has actively cooperated with the local Chinese consulate to work against ‘Taiwan independence’ and promote national reunification activities, and has
China Since 1972 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992); David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing US-China Relations, 1989-2000 (Berkeley: University of California, 2001); James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Kn
Entities connected to both Northern California and Berkeley

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