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ues in this appeal. We review de novo whether we have jurisdiction to decide this interlocutory appeal before addressing the merits. United States. Cartwright, 413 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2005). We also review de novo the interpretation of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See United States I Campo, 459 F
, but we decline to draw an arbitrary line. The victims' argument has an ipse dixit quality—that is, because our Court has never before applied the Penman doctrine outside of the grand jury context, we should not do so now. But we must ask instead whether applying the doctrine here makes sense. 11 E
ues in this appeal. We review de novo whether we have jurisdiction to decide this interlocutory appeal before addressing the merits. United States. Cartwright, 413 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2005). We also review de novo the interpretation of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See United States I Campo, 459 F
, but we decline to draw an arbitrary line. The victims' argument has an ipse dixit quality—that is, because our Court has never before applied the Penman doctrine outside of the grand jury context, we should not do so now. But we must ask instead whether applying the doctrine here makes sense. 11 E
ues in this appeal. We review de novo whether we have jurisdiction to decide this interlocutory appeal before addressing the merits. United States. Cartwright, 413 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2005). We also review de novo the interpretation of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See United States I Campa, 459 F
, but we decline to draw an arbitrary line. The victims' argument has an ipse dixit quality—that is, because our Court has never before applied the Penman doctrine outside of the grand jury context, we should not do so now. But we must ask instead whether applying the doctrine here makes sense. 11 E
Entities connected to both Cartwright and Penman

Jeffrey Epstein
PERSON
United States
LOCATION
George W. Bush
PERSON
Michael Cohen
PERSONJane Doe
PERSON
Julie K. Brown
PERSON
Bradley Edwards
PERSONLeon Black
PERSONO'Brien
PERSON
Southern District of New York
ORGANIZATION
Carpenter
PERSONthe Southern District
LOCATIONDickson
PERSONFBI
ORGANIZATIONKrane
PERSONRoy Black
PERSON
Supreme Court
ORGANIZATIONLoan Corp.
ORGANIZATION
Memphis
LOCATIONPerlman
PERSON