Epstein Secrets

jury beyond a reasonable doubt." Ring, 536 U.S. at 602, 122 S.Ct. 2428 (citing Apprendl, 530 U.S. at 482-83, 120 S.Ct. 2348). Two years later, in Ring the Supreme Court held that an aggravating factor rendering a defendant death-eligible "operate[s] as the functional equivalent of an element of a greater of- fense

. FN26. Currently, the circuit courts are split as to whether duplicative aggravating factors are unconstitu- tional and as to the meaning of the Supreme Court's decision in Jones. The Fourth and Ninth Circuits have aligned with the Tenth Circuit and adopted their own variations of tke rule in McCullah. Se

light of Jones, see United States D. 1?obin- son, 367 F.3d 278, 292-93 (5th Cir.2004) ("Although our case law once [supported the theory], the Su- preme Court recently admonished that it does not support that theory of review.") O 2011 Thomson Reuters. No Claim to Orig. US Gov. Works. https://web2.westl

2160) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, see Rule 26(b)(3), and in Rule 16 of the Criminal Rules as well, see Rules 16(b) and (c); cf. E. Cleary, McCormick. on Evidence 208 (2d ed. 1972). [17][18][19][20][21) Ths_privilege de- rived from tile work-product doctrine is nqt abatitutictike other qualifier

e Epstein and result in Epstein's waiver of his Fifth Amendment privilege. 9. In Hoffman v. U.S., 341 U.S. 479, 71 S.Ct. 814, 95 L.Ed. 118 (1951), the Supreme Court enunciated the standard for measuring when a witness may properly claim his right against self-incrimination, and thus refuse to respond to question

ction request) has a compelled testimonial aspect." United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. at 36; see also Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976); McCormick on Evidence, Title 6, Chap. 13. The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, §138 (6th Ed.). The "implicit authentication" rationale appears to be the

mpelled testimonial aspect." United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27, 36, 120 S.Ct. 2037, 2043 (2000). In explaining the application of the privilege, the Supreme Court stated: We have held that "the act of production" itself may implicitly communicate "statements of fact." By "producing documents in compliance wit

ion or "a compelled testimonial aspect." United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27, 120 S.Ct. 2037 (2000); Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976); McCormick on Evidence, Title 6, Chap. 13. The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, §138 (6 th Ed.). See also Malloy v. Hogan, 84 S.Ct. 1489, 1495 (1964)(the

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