2d Cir. 1985); United fates Be ker, 757 F.2d 1390, 1394 (3d Cir.1985); Ir United ates Clar , 865 F.2d 1433, 1436 (4th Cir.1989); United States Fortna, 769 F.2d 243, 251 (5th Cir. 1985); United States Mann, 3 F.2d 1479, 1481 -82 (8th Cir. 1985) (en banc); United States Hurtado, 779 F.2d 1467, 14