ers, 409 U.S. 188, 198 (1972); see also Manson v. Brat Waite, 432 U.S. 98, 106 n.9, 114 (1977). This principle applies both to show-ups, see, e.g., Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293 (1967), and to photographic identifications. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968). 2 EFTA00090470 When a defendant c