6 Thompson v. Bosswick, 855 F.Supp.2d 67, 77 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) 21, 22 TMJ Implants, Inc. v. Aetna, Inc., 498 F.3d 1175, 1182-83 (10th Cir. 2007) 9 Treppel v. Biovail Corp., No. 03 Civ. 3002 (PKL), 2005 WL 2086339, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2005) 7 U.S. S.E.C. v. Power, 525 F. Supp.2d 415, 418 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 3 Wanam