2: Pirk et al.. 1999: Gadagkar. 2004; Nonacs, 2006), although this possibility has been disputed (Beekman and Oldmyd. 2005; Helantera et al.. 2006; Zanetre et al.. 2012). If less- viable worker-laid eggs are competing with more-viable queen-laid male eggs, then policing may contribute positively to overall colo