appeal to higher loyalty (insistence that behavior serves the interests of a higher principle such as liberation of children or artistic freedom) (De Young, 1988). To some extent the Internet has made such groups obsolete. One no longer needs to join NAMBLA to get active validation for a sexual attract

). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1481-1489; Grigorenko, E. L., De Young, C. G., Eastman, M., Getchell, M., Haeffel, G. J., Klinteberg, B. A., Koposov, R. A., et al. (2010). Aggressive behavior, related conduct problems, a