ll, 33 F.3d 450, 456 (4th Cir. 1994); see also City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469, 501-02, 109 S. Ct. 706, 102 L. Ed. 2d 854 (1989); McNaim v. Sullivan, 929 F.2d 974, 979 (4th Cir. 1991). If courts were to accept statistical models containing unqualified applicants, then employers could be punished