'l Ass'n for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc., 674 F.3d 369, 376 (4th Cir. 2012); A Helping Hand, LLC v. Balt. Cnty., 515 F.3d 356, 369 (4th Cir. 2008); French v. Assurance Co. of Am., 448 F.3d 693, 699 n.2 (4th Cir. 2006). As a rule that "all the federal courts of appeals employ," waiver "makes excellent sense." Joseph v.