clarified, "Rule 23 grants courts no license to engage in free-ranging ["15] merits inquiries at the certification stage." Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Trust Funds, U.S. , 133 S. Ct. 1184, 1194-95, 185 L. Ed. 2d 308 (2013). Instead, the merits of a claim may be considered only when "relevant to determining wh