d limited DNA sequencing data (Wang & Qiu, 2006; Ogura-Tsujita etal., 2013). By contrast, the unusual cytology of fungal colonization in lycopods (Lycopodiophyra), highly reminiscent of the cytology reported in the Haplomitriopsida genus Treubia (Duckett et al, 2006), suggested unique fungal partnerships or