: the Haplo- miotriopsida liverwort genus Treubia (Duckett a al., 2006), several hornwort genera (Desire eta!, 2013), and the Devonian fossil plant Horneoplryton hstneri (Strullu-Derrien etnl., 2014). We hypothesize that the associations between Mucoromycotina fungi and vascular plants are mutualistic. Beyon