94); United States v. Santiago, 837 F.2d 1545. 1548 (11th Cir.1988); United States V. Gaviria, 805 F.2d 1108, 1112 (2d Cir.1986); United States v. Niver, 689 F.2d 520, 526 (5th Cir.1982); United States V. Mr, 592 F.2d 735, 739-40 (4th Cir.1979). [13] In his dissent, Judge Smith advocates applying