be present in the absence of disc herniation (Olmarker and Hause 1995; Wood and Angela Starkweather, PhD, ACNP, RN, is an assistant pro- lessor in the Intercollegiate College of Nursing. Washington State University, Spokane. Linda IVitek-lanusek, RN, PhD, is a professor of acute, chronic, and long-term care nursing and Herbert L M