ossacks would clash with Manchu forces along the Amur River, which today separates the Russian Far East from the northeastern Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin. The Manchus mostly got the best of the interlopers, and the first Sino-Russian treaty, signed in 1689, awarded the Qing territory north

ately 15% annually, mainly reflects smaller agents leaving their positions after having exhausted their respective contact networks. Agent network Heilongjiang .4) Inner Mongolia .m) Hebei .?)Jilin LO) Xinjiang (.4) Gansu .CLiaoning .0.43eijing Shanxi ,.0) 0) Tianjin Qinghai (..4) Shaanxi cc Shan