process (e.g., lack parental supervision, parental discord, parental mental health/substance use issues; Craven et al., 2006; Jackson et al., 2015; Kaufman et al., 2006). Gaining access and isolation Second, many of the prior models identify that an offender seeks to gain access to the targeted child and iso

victim), as well as contextual factors (e.g., "effectiveness" of the grooming tactics, the offender's relationship to the victim, cultural factors; Kaufman et al., 2006). Notably, sexual grooming can occur both in- person or online. Online and off-line grooming processes may differ in important ways, as there

he relationship between the victim and offender, and contextual factors (e.g., cultural elements, "effectiveness" of the sexual grooming strategies; Kaufman et al. 2006). For example, while most sexual grooming literature is based on male offenders, there may be differences in the tactics used by male and fema