g both in-tune and mistuned chords 2. There are two main theories about why some musical intervals and chords sound consonant and others dissonant. Helmholtz and his disciples argued that forming the percept of consonance depends on "the absence of roughness" caused by frequencies in the stimulus that ar

hat: (a) elucidated peripheral and central representations of tonal consonance and dissonance; and (b) provided a biologically- based alternative to Helmholtz's counterintuitive theory, shared by many auditory physiologists and psychologists for more than a century, that the consonance of isolated musical