ficulties attendant with working in a war zone have been magnified by the vehemence with which Al-Shabaab has publicly opposed their activities. Al- Shabaab's efforts to erect barriers to vaccination have succeeded in producing one of the largest unvaccinated population groups in the region, estimated co

national aid organizations that wished to operate in Al- Shabaab territory. The governance apparatus was reportedly dismantled in many areas when Al- Shabaab returned to guerrilla warfare, however, some structures — such as tax and law enforcement units — are still believed to be operational. While AI-Sh