v. Bilzerian, 926 F.2d 1285, 1292 (2d Cir.1991); In re Kidder Peabody Securities Litigation, 168 F.R.D. 459, 468-69 (S.D.N.Y.1996); Tribune Co. v. Purcigliotti, 1997 WL 10924, *6 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 10, 1997)). As an illustration of how the doctrine operates, this Court cited Volpe v. U.S. Ainvays, Inc., 184 F