e (1997), Dasgupta and David (1994), Foray (1999), Mytelka (2001) and Cooper (1991, 1994). For earlier analyses of S&T in the Arab region. see e.g. Qasem (1998a. b). Zahlan (199%. b). Fergany (1999). ESCWA (1999a. b). and ESCWA—UNESCO (199%. b). I I EFTA00731512 evaluating and comparing S&T effort