dicator for For detailed theoretical and empirical literature and assessment studies, see e.g. Freeman and Soete (1997), Dasgupta and David (1994), Foray (1999), Mytelka (2001) and Cooper (1991, 1994). For earlier analyses of S&T in the Arab region. see e.g. Qasem (1998a. b). Zahlan (199%. b). Fergany